rat

Potent endogenous neuropeptide S receptor (NSPR) agonist (EC50 = 3.2 nM). Increases locomotor activity and wakefulness in mice. Also reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice.

High affinity rat GIP receptor partial agonist (Kd = 13 nM). Increases cAMP accumulation in COS-7 cells transfected with rat GIP receptor, while also acting as a competitive antagonist of GIP.

Pancreatic Polypeptide, rat acetate 是 NPY 受体的激动剂，对 NPYR4 具有高亲和力。

CGRP (rat) acetateα-CGRP (rat) acetate（CGRP）。它是一种有效的血管扩张剂。

rCRAMP (rat) acetate 是一种与cathelin 相关的抗菌肽，在大鼠脑肽/蛋白质提取物中表现出抗菌活性。

Orexin B, rat, mouse Acetate (Rat orexin B)(202801-92-1 free base) 是 Orexin 受体的内源性激动剂，对 OX1 和 OX2 的 Kis 分别为 420 和 36 nM。

Neuromedin U (rat) acetate 是一种 23 个氨基酸的脑肠肽。 Neuromedin U (NMU) 通过其在中枢神经系统中的同源受体 NMUR2 调节几种重要的生理功能，包括能量平衡、压力反应和伤害感受。

VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine) acetate 是外源性血管活性肠肽 (VIP) 受体对颈上神经节 (SCG) 中 cAMP 作用的拮抗剂。

Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat 是一种有效的甘丙肽受体激动剂，Kd 为 3 nM。

Enterostatin, human, mouse, rat acetate 是一种五肽，主要由分泌的胰腺前脂肪酶在肠道中形成。

Neuropeptide SF(mouse,rat) acetate (Neuropeptide SF(mouse,rat) acetate (230960-31-3 free base)) 是一种有效的神经肽 FF 受体激动剂，对 NPFF1 和 NPFF2 的 Ki 分别为 48.4 nM 和 12.1 nM。它增加了异源表达的酸感应离子通道 3 (ASIC3) 的持续电流的幅度。

Hemopressin (rat) acetate(568588-77-2 free base) 是一种衍生自血红蛋白 α1 链的九肽，起初是从大鼠脑匀浆中分离出来的。 Hemopressin 是 CB2 大麻素受体的口服活性、选择性和反向激动剂。 Hemopressin 在炎性疼痛模型中发挥镇痛作用。

Neuropeptide S (Rat) acetate 是以前孤儿 G 蛋白偶联受体的内源性配体，现在称为 NPS 受体。它可用于神经系统疾病的研究。

Obestatin (rat) acetate 是 G 蛋白偶联受体 39 (GPR39) 的内源性配体。它具有抗炎、抗心肌梗塞和抗氧化特性。 它抑制食物摄入，抑制空肠收缩，并减少体重增加。

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-39), rat (TFA) is a potent melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2) agonist.

Pneumadin, rat (PNM) exerts a marked antidiuretic effect in animals has a functional AVP system. Pneumadin, rat (PNM) is a decapeptide, which possesses a potent stimulating effect on arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release.

β-Endorphin (β-EP) is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide with diverse biological activities. It is produced via piomelanocortin cleavage in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and in lymphocytes, then migrates to its sites of action which include plasma, gut, skin, placenta, cerebrospinal fluid, and cardiac tissues. β-EP induces concentration-dependent decreases in electrically stimulated contraction of the mouse vas deferens that can be reversed by the μ-opioid antagonist CTP and δ-opioid antagonist ICI 174,864. In vivo, β-EP (5 μg, i.c.v.) slows gastrointestinal transit in mice. β-EP (0.5 or 5 μg, i.c.v.) stimulates food intake in rats for 4 to 6 hours, however, this effect is not prolonged with continuous infusion. It antagonizes the appetite-suppressive effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) for the first three days post administration. β-EP also reduces paralytic demyelination induced by the murine coronavirus MHV-JHM in immunocompetent, but not irradiated or immune-incompetent, mice and rats.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) (3-36) is a C-terminal fragment of NPY, a neuropeptide involved in controlling appetite, blood pressure, cardiac contractility, and intestinal secretion. NPY (3-36) is an endogenous peptide produced by cleavage of NPY by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). It binds selectively to the NPY receptor Y2 (Ki = 0.41 nM in CHP 234 cells) over the Y1 receptor, where it does not bind at concentrations up to 1 μM. NPY (3-36) (0.1 nM) increases migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by 80% after 12 hours in an in vitro wound closure assay. NPY (3-36) corresponds to residues 3-36 of the human and rat protein sequence.

Cortistatin-29 is a neuropeptide that is structurally similar to somatostatin-28. It is produced by cleavage of preprocortistatin to procortistatin, which is cleaved at dibasic amino acids to form cortistatin-29 and cortistatin-14 as well as other partial cleavage products. Cortistatin mRNA is expressed in the human brain and in interneurons of the rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Cortistatin-29 binds to somatostatin (SST) receptors with IC50 values of 2.8, 7.1, 0.2, 3, and 13.7 nM for SST1-5, respectively. Cortistatin-29 is found at similar levels as cortistatin-14 in mouse AtT20 cells but is secreted at a lower level. Cortistatin-29 corresponds to residues 85-112 of the rat peptide sequence.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (1-32), rat acetate (BNP (1-32), rat acetate) is a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone synthesized by ventricular cardiomyocytes as a result of myocardial cell stretching (cardiomyocyte distension)[1].

GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr-/-) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003). GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr-/-) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2 References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003).

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) (6-27) is a PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 1,500, 600, and 300 nM, respectively, for rat PAC1, rat VPAC1, and human VPAC2 recombinant receptors expressed in CHO cells. It binds to PACAP receptors on SH-SY5Y and SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma and T47D human breast cancer cells (IC50s = 24.5, 106, and 105 nM, respectively) and inhibits cAMP accumulation induced by PACAP (1-38) (Kis = 457, 102, and 283 nM, respectively, in SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC, and T47D cells). In vivo, in newborn pigs, PACAP (6-27) (10 μM) inhibits vasodilation of pial arterioles induced by PACAP (1-27) and PACAP (1-38) . It also inhibits PACAP (1-27)-stimulated increases in plasma insulin and glucagon levels and pancreatic venous blood flow in dogs when administered locally to the pancreas at a dose of 500 μg.

Neuropeptide Y (3-36) (human, rat) is a metabolite of neuropeptide Y (NPY) generated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). Known as a selective Y2 receptor agonist, Neuropeptide Y (3-36) (human, rat) effectively reduces the release of norepinephrine via the Y2 receptor[1][2].

PAR2 (1-6) is a synthetic peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that corresponds to residues 1-6 of the amino terminal tethered ligand sequence of mouse and rat PAR2. It also corresponds to residues 39-44 and 37-42 of the mouse and rat full-length sequences, respectively. PAR2 (1-6) induces relaxation in precontracted rat arteries in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that can be reduced by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NNA . It inhibits keratinocyte growth in the presence and absence of growth factors. PAR2 (1-6) inhibits LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil influx and increases in matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity in mice.