Ciprofibrate exhibits a diverse range of bioactivities across multiple cellular and molecular assays. It demonstrates agonist activity at PPARalpha, particularly in human HepG2 cells with an EC50 of 900 nM and a fold change of 2.2 at 1.45 μg/mL, indicating potential in modulating PPARalpha signaling. In rat H4IIE cells, it shows an EC50 value of over 10,000 nM for gene induction via PPARalpha. Furthermore, it exhibits binding affinity towards rat recombinant L-FABP, achieving 85% activity at the low affinity site and 100% at the high affinity site via NMR.
The compound also possesses antiproliferative effects against human PC3 cells, demonstrating a fold change (FC) value of 1.047 at 30 μM after 120 hours. Additionally, Ciprofibrate modulates multiple signals and pathways, including the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), Bloom's syndrome helicase, AmpC Beta-Lactamase, GCN5L2, and others, reflecting a broad spectrum of interaction.
Ciprofibrate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity in several cell lines, though with generally low potency, showing inhibitory values far above 20,000 nM, and demonstrates minimal inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro protease at 20 μM. It also shows limited antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in HRCE cells (hit score: 0.1099).
Notably, Ciprofibrate displays inhibitory activity against human HDAC6 enzyme with modest percentages, suggesting potential as an HDAC6 inhibitor. It shows inhibitory effects on bile salt export pump (BSEP) in both rat and human models, reflecting its potential impact on bile acid transport. Additionally, it does not inhibit UGT1A10, BSEP, MRP3, or MRP4 significantly, as all IC50 values are greater than the upper threshold tested.
Despite its multiple activities, Ciprofibrate has been flagged for moderate to severe hepatotoxicity according to Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI) prediction systems and exhibits interactions with human recombinant enzymes UGT1A3 and UGT1A8 with activity levels around 84-86 pm/min/mg. Overall, Ciprofibrate demonstrates a varied bioactivity profile, with significant interactions in several biochemical and cellular contexts but often with relatively high effective concentrations or low potency..
Note: Summary generated by AI. Data source: ChEMBL 