Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (Ipratropium bromide hydrate) is a muscarinic antagonist structurally related to ATROPINE but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic.

M3 mAChR:1.7 nM, mAChR1:2.9 nM, mAChR2:2 nM

VEGFR enzyme assays for VEGGR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 are run in homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) format in 384-well microtiter plates using a purified, baculovirus-expressed glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein encoding the catalytic c-terminus of human VEGFR receptor kinases 1, 2, or 3. Reactions are initiated by the addition of 10 μL of activated VEGFR2 kinase solution [final concentration, 1 nM enzyme in 0.1 M 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), pH 7.5, containing 0.1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA), 300 μM dithiothreitol (DTT)] to 10 μL substrate solution [final concentration, 360 nM peptide, (biotin-aminohexyl-EEEEYFELVAKKKK-NH2), 75 μM ATP, 10 μM MgCl2], and 1 μL of titrated compound in DMSO. Plates are incubated at room temperature for 60 min, and then the reaction is quenched by the addition of 20 μL of 100 mM ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). After quenching, 20 μL HTRF reagents (final concentration, 15 nM Streptavidin-linked allophycocyanin, 1 nM Europium-labeled antiphosphotyrosine antibody diluted in 0.1 mg/mL BSA, 0.1 M HEPES, pH 7.5) is added and the plates incubated for a minimum of 10 min. The fluorescence at 665 nM is measured with a Wallac Victor plate reader using a time delay of 50 μs[1].