C2 L-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. It stimulates cholesterol efflux in CHO cells expressing the human ABCA1 receptor when used at a concentration of 10 μM, however, this efflux is 50% less than that stimulated by C2 ceramide . C2 L-threo Ceramide inhibits IL-4 production by 17% in EL4 T cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when used at a concentration of 10 μM. It also induces cell cycle arrest in the G0 G1 phase and a 7-fold increase in sphingosine accumulation as well as inhibits growth of HL-60 leukemia cells.
C2 Ceramide (d14:1 2:0) is a bioactive sphingolipid. Dietary administration of C2 ceramide (d14:1 2:0) (100 μM) induces lipotoxic cardiomyopathy via increasing diastolic and systolic diameter as well as reducing fractional shortening and the number of normal cardiac contractile events in Drosophila.
C2 Phytoceramide is a bioactive semisynthetic sphingolipid that inhibits formyl peptide-induced oxidant release (IC50 = 0.38 μM) in suspended polymorphonuclear cells. It increases COX-2 protein levels 15-fold through ERK signaling. It induces death of keratinocytes (20% viability) with an ED50 value of 30 μM, the same concentration at which 35% of cells in a TUNEL assay are apoptotic. C2 Phytoceramide also has antiproliferative effects in CHO cells, with greater than 80% cytotoxicity achieved at a concentration of 20 μM, and induces internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In addition, it inhibits the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro.
C2 Adamantanyl globotriaosylceramide (AdaGb3) is a bioactive sphingolipid and water-soluble form of globotriaosylceramide that contains an adamantanyl group in place of the fatty acyl chain. It inhibits Vero toxin binding to globotriaosylceramide in an ELISA assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. AdaGb3 decreases cell surface expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and reduces efflux of rhodamine 123 in MDCK cells. It also increases apical-to-basal transport of vinblastine in human intestinal C2BBe1 cells.
C2 3'-sulfo Galactosylceramide is a member of the sulfatide class of glycolipids. It has been used as an internal standard in the quantification of lysosulfatides in mouse brain tissue and plasma.