Hyodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is a natural secondary bile acid. It improves high-density lipoprotein function, reduces farnesoid X receptor antagonist bile acids, and induces strong cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and IL-8 synthesis.
Cacodylic acid, employed extensively in buffers for electron microscopy techniques and in introducing arsenic into proteins for single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing in protein crystallography, has been found to elevate tumor formation risk in the bladder, kidney, liver, and thyroid gland of rats exposed to carcinogens, at concentrations starting from as low as 50 ppm for the bladder.