injury

Colivelin 是一种神经保护肽和 STAT3 的激活剂，是一种合成的杂合肽，可增强 humanin (HN) 的神经保护作用。它通过激活 STAT3 在体外抑制神经元死亡，具有潜力用于阿尔茨海默病和缺血性脑损伤的相关研究。

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) 是一种外源性的 NO 供体，是大鼠酒精脱氢酶III 类同工酶的底物，能够减少脑血管紧张素II 依赖性及非依赖型的 AT1 受体反应。

HCH6-1 是甲酰肽受体 1 的竞争性二肽拮抗剂。它能够抑制 fMLF (FPR1激动剂) 特异性激活的人中性粒细胞的趋化性、超氧阴离子生成和弹性酶释放。动物实验中，它对急性肺损伤具有保护作用，可用于研究 FPR1 参与的炎症性肺部疾病。

Aviptadil Acetate (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide acetate salt) 是模拟血管活性肠多肽类似物，具有血管舒张效应。它可诱导肺血管舒张并抑制血管 SMC 的增殖和血小板聚集。它可用于研究 SARS-CoV-2 引起的肺纤维化、肺动脉高压和呼吸衰竭。

N-Oleoyl valine is an endogenous N-acyl amine that acts as an antagonist at the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 3 (TRPV3) receptor, which is involved in thermoregulation. N-Oleoyl valine is increased in mice following cold exposure for up to at least 16 days. Acute lung injury in mice increases the concentration of N-Oleoyl valine in lung tissue. N-acyl amines also promote mitochondrial uncoupling.

Peptide5 acetate 可减少脊髓损伤后的动物肿胀、星形胶质细胞增生和神经元细胞死亡。 Peptide5 acetate 显着降低啮齿动物离体模型中的脊髓损伤 (SCI) 程度。

Rusalatide acetate (TP508 amide acetate) 是一种再生肽，可诱导干细胞再生修复，保护隐窝完整性，减缓辐照引起的胃肠道损伤。

SN50是一种细胞渗透性的NF-κB的核转位抑制剂，具有NF-κB p50 亚基的核定位序列，能够保护呼吸机诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤并且抑制IL-1β、TNF-α、MPO、MAPKs的表达，还可以诱导小胶质细胞向M2型分化。

Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) 是一种突触后密度-95（PSD-95）抑制剂，具有神经保护和抗癫痫作用。Tat-NR2B9c 可抑制PSD-95d2、 PSD-95d1 和 PSD-95，可阻止NMDA诱导的神经元NADPH氧化酶的激活，从而阻断超氧化物的产生，可减少中风后急性期的缺血性损伤。

Trofinetide (NNZ-2566) 是一种内源性 N 末端三肽甘氨酸-脯氨酸-谷氨酸 (GPE) 的合成类似物，在脑损伤的动物模型中显示出神经保护作用。

Cyclosporin H 是一种 FPR-1(甲酰肽受体 1) 的选择性强效抑制剂。它缺乏 Cyclosporin A 具有的免疫抑制活性。它是一种病毒转导增强剂，可使人脐带血来源的造血干细胞和祖细胞中慢病毒转导增强 10 倍。它与雷帕霉素或前列腺素 E2 联合使用时表现出累加效应。

Z-LEHD-FMK 是一种具有选择性和有效性的 caspase-9 抑制剂，可防减轻再灌注损伤，减缓细胞凋亡。Z-LEHD-FMK 具有抗肿瘤和神经保护活性，可提高体外生产的水牛 （Bubalus bubalis） 植入前胚胎的产量并改变细胞应激反应。

Aclerastide is an angiotensin receptor agonist. Administration of Aclerastide reduced fibrosis and scarring in the healing wounds. This action was more pronounced with longer administration of the peptide after injury. The action of this peptide was block

Teduglutide (ALX-0600) 是一种胰高血糖素样肽-2 类似物，可增加肠道吸收，通过促进粘膜生长、减少粘膜生长来改善肠道康复，可用于研究短肠综合征 （SBS）。Teduglutide 可激活 (NR4a1)/nur77 表达和 FXR 信号传导，缓解小鼠的肠功能不全，改善肺损伤，可用于研究代谢疾病和心血管疾病。

Epsilon-V1-2 是蛋白激酶 C ε（PKCε）的特异性抑制剂。Epsilon-V1-2 被用于卵巢衰老、人颗粒细胞凋亡、脑缺血-再灌注损伤、脑发育、肝细胞胰岛素信号转导以及缺血条件下神经元细胞死亡等相关研究。研究表明，Epsilon-V1-2 能够有效降低 PKCε 的活性，从而促进对线粒体动力学、钙超载、AKT 激活、脑萎缩、胰岛素抵抗及铁死亡等调控通路的深入解析。Epsilon-V1-2 在卒中、SHORT 综合征、肝脂肪变性及脑损伤等疾病模型中显示出显著的治疗相关性。

Pro-Adrenomedullin(153-185),human, (C143H224N42O43), a peptide with the sequence H2N-SLPEAGPGRTLVSSKPQAHGAPAPPSGSAPHFL-OH, MW= 3219.6. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a ubiquitously expressed peptide initially isolated from phaechromyctoma in 19931. AM was initially identified as a vasodilator, some have cited this as the most potent endogenous vasodilatory peptide found in the body2. Differences in opinion regarding the ability of AM to relax vascular tone arises from the differences in the model system used3. Other effects of AM include increasing the tolerance of cells to oxidative stress and hypoxic injury and angiogenesis. AM is seen as a positive influence in diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other cardiovascular diseases, whereas it can be seen as a negative factor in potentiating the potential of cancerous cells to extend their blood supply and cause cell proliferation.

Antileukinate is a synthetic hexapeptide with an acetylated amino terminus and an amidated carboxyl terminus that inhibits the binding of CXC chemokines to the chemokine receptor CXCR2. It inhibits IL-8 binding to neutrophils (Ki = 2.7-13 μM), prevents neutrophil chemotaxis and β-glucuronidase release, and blocks IL-8-induced skin edema in rabbits. At 53 mg/kg, antileukinate has been shown to protect mice against acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury.

Connexin43 mimetic peptide. Reduces swelling, astrogliosis, neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury ex vivo and in vivo. Exhibits analgesic effects in models of neuropathic pain. O'Carroll et al (2008) Connexin 43 mimetic peptides reduce swelling, astrogliosis and neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury. Cell.Commun.Adhes. 15 27 PMID:18649176 |Mao et al (2017) Characterisation of Peptide5 systemic administration for treating traumatic spinal cord injured rats. Exp.Brain.Res. 235 3033 PMID:28725925 |Kim et al (2017) Characterising the mode of action of extracellular Connexin43 channel mimetic peptides in an in vitro ischemia injury model. Biochem.Biophys.Acta. 1861 68 PMID:27816754 |Tonkin et al (2017) Attenuation of mechanical pain hypersensitivity by treatment with Peptide5, a connexin-43 mimetic peptide, involves inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in nerve-injured mice. Exp.Neurol. 300 1 PMID:29055716

Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) is a metabolite of the sponge bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. NJ6-3-1 that can autoinduce production of antibacterial substances active against S. aureus when co-cultured at a low cell density. It induces neurite outgrowth and branching of chick cortical neurons in vitro when used at concentrations of 16 and 32 μM. It increases phosphorylation of the PI3K substrate Akt, and neurite outgrowth induced by cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) can be blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 . Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) enhances axon sprouting of calcitonin gene-related protein positive (CGRP+) primary afferents in the spinal cord following crush injury and of serotonin neurons in uninjured spinal cord. Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) is also a bitter taste component of cocoa and roasted coffee.

Z-LEHD-FMK TFA is a specific and irreversible inhibitor of caspase-9, offering protection against detrimental reperfusion injury and moderating apoptosis. Additionally, Z-LEHD-FMK TFA demonstrates its neuroprotective potential in a rat model of spinal cord trauma.

AMY-101 acetate (Cp40 acetate) 是一种环肽，是补体C3(C3 Complement)的抑制剂和免疫调节剂，用于治疗牙龈炎和牙周炎，能够显著降低炎症并且降低MMP-8和MMP-9水平。AMY-101 acetate还对covid -19诱导的急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者的肺部炎症/损伤和SARS-COV-2相关的急性肾损伤具有缓解作用。

Dalargin 是一种有效的 δ-阿片受体 (δ-opioid receptor) 激动剂。Dalargin 减轻 Gentamicin 诱导的细胞死亡。Dalargin 对庆大霉素诱导的肾损伤具有肾保护作用。Dalargin 具有抗溃疡活性。

Delcasertib (KAI-9803) hydrochloride 是有效，选择性的 δ 蛋白激酶 C (δPKC) 抑制剂。Delcasertib (KAI-9803) hydrochloride 可改善急性心肌梗死动物模型的缺血再灌注损伤。

Ac-FEID-CMK 是一种有效的斑马鱼特异性GSDMEb 衍生肽抑制剂。Ac-FEID-CMK 可减轻感染性休克的死亡率和肾损伤。Ac-FEID-CMK 在体内可抑制焦亡，减轻败血性 AKI (急性肾损伤)。Ac-FEID-CMK 可抑制 caspy2 介导的非典型炎症小体通路。