Duocarmycin A, an antitumor antibiotic, is a DNA alkylator and efficiently alkylates adenine N3 at the 3′ end of AT-rich sequences in the DNA. Duocarmycin A, as a chemotherapeutic agent, results in HLC-2 cells typically apoptotic changes.
Uvarigrin induces tumor multidrug resistance cell apoptosis and triggers Caspase-9 activation. Uvarigrin is isolated from the roots of Uvaria calamistrata.