U0126-etoh (U0126 Ethanol) is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of MEK1 (IC50=72 nM) and MEK2 (IC50=58 nM) with selectivity. U0126-EtOH inhibited autophagy and mitophagy.

MEK2:60 nM (cell free), MEK1:70 nM (cell free), MDCKII cells (H1N1v):74.7 ± 1.0 μM (EC50), A549 cells (H1N1v):1.2 ± 0.4 μM (EC50)

The amount of immunoprecipitated wild type MEK used in these assays was adjusted to give a similar amount of activity units as obtained with 10 nM recombinant MEK. All other assays were performed with a recombinant, constitutively activated mutant MEK-1 (ΔN3-S218E/S222D) or constitutively active MEK-2(S222E/S226D). Reaction velocities were measured using a 96-well nitrocellulose filter apparatus as described below. Unless otherwise noted, reactions were carried out at an enzyme concentration of 10 nM, in 20 mM Hepes, 10 mM MgCl2, 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, pH 7.4, at room temperature. Reactions were initiated by the addition of [γ-33P]ATP into the premixed MEK/ERK/inhibitor reaction mixture, and an aliquot of 100 μl was taken every 6 min and transferred to the 96-well nitrocellulose membrane plate which had 50 mM EDTA to stop the reaction. The membrane plate was drawn and washed 4 times with buffer under vacuum. Wells were then filled with 30 μl of Microscint-20 scintillation fluid, and the radioactivity of33P-phosphorylated ERK was counted with a Top Count scintillation counter. Velocities were obtained from the slopes of radioactivity versus time plots. Concentrations of ERK and ATP were 400 nM and 40 μM, respectively, unless otherwise indicated [2].

HEK293 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium (low glucose) plus 10% foetal bovine serum. HeLa cells stably expressing wild type or kinase-dead LKB1 have been described. AMPK activity was determined by immunoprecipitate kinase assays using anti-AMPK-a1 and -a2 antibodies. Antibodies recognising AMPK phosphorylated on Thr-172 (anti-pT172), AMPK-α1 and -α2 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC1) phosphorylated on Ser-80 [16] were described previously. Quantification of ratios of signals from phosphorylated and total protein using these antibodies was performed by dual labelling using the LI-COR Odyssey IR imager as described. Contents of ATP and ADP were determined for cells in 6 cm culture dishes by quickly pouring off the medium, adding 350 μl of ice-cold 5% perchloric acid, scraping the cells off with a plastic scraper, and centrifuging (14 000 · g; 3 min, 4 °C) to remove insoluble material. The perchloric acid was then extracted from the supernatant and nucleotides analysed by capillary electrophoresis of perchloric acid extracts as described previously. All incubations of cells were performed in triplicate and results are expressed as means ± S.E.M [3].

Prior to injection, FI cells were labeled with a stable fluorescent dye molecule, DiA at 10 μg/ml for 5 h at 37 1C. After washing to remove free DiA, cells were trypsinized for inoculation (U0126 experiments) or transfection (RNAi experiments). Biliary epithelial cells were injected subcutaneously, at the indicated times, into the tibia of nude mice. In the chemical experiments, 3h after inoculation, mice were treated with U0126 (10.5 mg/kg) daily by intraperitoneal injection. The length and width of each tumor were measured every day by using a caliper. The following formula was used to calculate tumor volumes ? width2 length/2. Mice were killed at the end of experiment. Tumors were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen [5].