(±)-carnitine

(±)-Carnitine chloride (Monocamin) 有D 和L 两种异构体。其中 L-carnitine 在脂肪酸的 β-氧化中起重要作用，也具有抗氧化作用和抗炎活性。

Isobutyryl-L-carnitine is a member of the class of compounds known as acylcarnitines. Isobutyryl-L-carnitine is a product of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases.

Decanoyl-L-carnitine ((-)-Decanoylcarnitine) 是左旋肉碱衍生物，促进饱和脂肪酸代谢物的形成。

Carnitine is a quaternary amine that occurs naturally in most mammalian tissue. Carnitine is present in relatively high concentrations in skeletal muscle and heart where it is involved in regulating energy metabolism. It has also been used to allow the en

L-Carnitine tartrate is a Carnitine Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used to treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.

Eicosapentaenoyl-L-carnitine chloride 是由 Eicosapentaenoic Acid 和 L-Carnitine 构成的一种长链酰基肉碱。在失焦透镜导致的近视小鼠模型中，喂食富含 n-3 n-6 多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFAs) 的小鼠，其眼部的 Eicosapentaenoyl-L-carnitine chloride 水平有所上升。

Linoleoyl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring long-chain acylcarnitine. Hepatic levels of linoleoyl-L-carnitine are increased following high-dose (200 mg kg) administration of isoniazid in mice.

Isovaleryl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring acylcarnitine that is formed via metabolic conversion of L-leucine. It increases survival and decreases apoptosis in hepatocyte growth factor-deprived murine C2.8 hepatocytes when used at a concentration of 1 mM. Isovaleryl-L-carnitine inhibits amino acid deprivation-induced proteolysis and autophagy in isolated perfused rat liver when used at concentrations of 77 and 100 μM, respectively. Increased levels of isovaleryl carnitine are associated with isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (isovaleric acidemia).

Decanoyl-L-carnitine is an ester derivative of L-carnitine . It increases the formation of C24 fatty acid intermediates, as well as docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in rat hepatocytes.

Palmitoyl-D-carnitine is a long-chain acylcarnitine, an isomer of palmitoyl-L-carnitine , and the D enantiomer of palmitoyl-DL-carnitine . It inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase with a Ki value of 2.1 mM for 14C-palmitoylcarnitine synthesis by erythrocyte membranes.

Carnitine facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria to be used in fatty acid metabolism. It does so by accepting acyl groups from fatty acids complexed with coenzyme A, which yields esterified carnitine or acylcarnitines that enable the transport of fatty acyl groups into the inner mitochondrial matrix. β-Oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria is inhibited by uncoupling conditions, thus changes in circulating levels of various acylcarnitines have been used to identify alterations in metabolic state.[1] [2] Arachidonoyl-L-carnitine formed from carnitine conjugated to arachidonic acid .

Butyryl-L-carnitine is a butyrate ester of carnitine. It is an inhibitor of intestinal transporters, blocking carnitine uptake by the carnitine transporter and glycine transport by the amino acid transporter in human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells (IC50s = 1.5 μM and 4.6 mM, respectively).

[(3R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl]-L-carnitine is an endogenous metabolite[1]. [1]. Hunter WG, et al. Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Novel Circulating Biomarkers of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Differentially Elevated in Heart Failure With Preserved Versus Reduced Ejection Fraction: Evidence for Shared Metabolic Impairments in Clinical Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8):e003190. Published 2016 Jul 29.

trans-2-Hexadecenoyl-L-carnitine is an endogenous metabolite in urine[1]. [1]. Pengxiang She, et al. Leucine and protein metabolism in obese Zucker rats. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59443.

Stearoyl-L-carnitine chloride（Acylcarnitine C18:0） 是一种存在于小脑中的长链酰基肉碱，抑制 GlyT2 ，是研究脂代谢的重要组成部分。

Heptanoyl-L-carnitine is a medium-chain acylcarnitine and derivative of L-carnitine .

Hexanoyl-L-carnitine is a medium-chain acylcarnitine. It has been used in the synthesis of acylcarnitine benzyl esters.1 1.Gong, X.-w., Li, J.-p., Wu, J.-f., et al.Synthesis of carnitine benzyl esters as prodrugsJ. Chem. Res.2008(6)327-330(2008)

Valeryl-L-carnitine is a short-chain acylcarnitine and a derivative of L-carnitine . Valeryl-L-carnitine levels increase in the serum of rhesus monkeys following exposure to 7 and 10 Gray units (Gy) of ionizing radiation.[1]

Oleoyl-L-carnitine是一种长链酰基肉碱，也是一种糖苷转运体2（GlyT2；IC50 = 340 nM）的抑制剂，对GlyT2比对GlyT1（IC50 = >10,000 nM）具有选择性。慢性肾脏病或接受初始血液透析的终末期肾脏病患者的血浆中Oleoyl-L-carnitine水平增高，这与心血管死亡率相关。

D-Carnitine为L-肉碱的口服有效异构体，是必需营养素，能促进长链脂肪酸转运至线粒体基质内进行β-氧化。此外，D-Carnitine还具备抗寄生虫活性。

Palmitoyl L-Carnitine-d3 Hydrochloride 是 Palmitoyl L-Carnitine Hydrochloride 的氘代化合物。Palmitoyl L-Carnitine Hydrochloride 的 CAS 号为 18877-64-0。L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride)是一种脂肪酸代谢产物，具有抗血栓形成的作用，通过抵消tMCAO模型中的脑内血栓形成来保护小鼠免受缺血性中风。L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride抑制心脏中的Na K泵，抑制 FeCl 3诱导的动脉血栓形成，减轻了短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞（tMCAO）小鼠模型的脑内血栓形成和炎症。

Acetyl L-Carnitine-d3 Chloride 是 Acetyl L-Carnitine Chloride 的氘代化合物。

D-Carnitine hydrochloride ((S)-Carnitine Hydrochloride) 已被用于研究麦角硫因素转运蛋白 SLC22A4 和肉毒碱转运蛋白 SLC22A5，也被用于使棕榈酸进入线粒体。

Etomoxir sodium salt ((R)-Etomoxir sodium salt) 是一种肉碱棕榈酰转移酶 1a (CPT-1a) 抑制剂，可以抑制脂肪酸氧化。Etomoxir sodium salt 具有抗肿瘤活性。