α-Galactosylceramide analog 8 (α-GalCer analog 8) is a triazole derivative of α-galactosylceramide. [1] It increases IL-2 secretion by DN32.D3 NKT hybridoma cells when co-cultured with CD1d-transfected RBL cells pre-loaded with α-GalCer analog 8 at a concentration of 32 ng ml. α-GalCer analog 8 (32 ng ml) induces IL-4 secretion to a greater extent than the synthetic α-GalCer KRN 7000 in mouse splenocytes in vitro and in mouse serum following administration of a 1 µg per animal dose, indicating a Th2 response.
Cyclic di-IMP (sodium salt) (c-di-IMP) is a synthetic second messenger structurally related to the bacterial second messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP . C-di-IMP has adjuvant properties when co-administered with antigens in vitro and by mucosal routes in vivo. C-di-IMP enriches the population of MHC class I and II, CD80, CD86, CD40, and CD54 positive dendritic cells derived from murine bone marrow. It also stimulates macrophages at 500 ng ml. Mice immunized with β-galactosidase (β-gal) plus c-di-IMP through the intranasal route show a humoral immune response, evidenced by an increase in IgG titers up to 2-fold compared to mice immunized with β-gal alone. Mice immunized with β-gal plus c-di-IMP also exhibit a Th1 Th2 response, indicating that the adjuvant activity of c-di-IMP leads to a cellular immune response as well.
The biological effects of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) are transduced by at least two 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, designated DP1 and CRTH2/DP2. In humans, CRTH2/DP2 is expressed on Th2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils where it mediates the chemotactic activity of PGD2. CAY10597, as a racemic mixture, is a potent CRTH2/DP2 receptor antagonist that binds to the human receptor with a Ki value of 37 nM. The R enantiomer is slightly more potent exhibiting Ki values of 23 and 22 nM at the human and murine CRTH2/DP2 receptor, respectively. The R enantiomer of CAY10597 inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis induced by 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin D2 with an IC50 value of 40 nM.
QS-21, an immunostimulatory saponin, is a powerful vaccine adjuvant that stimulates bothTh2 humoral and Th1 cell-mediated immune responses by interacting with antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cells. Additionally, QS-21 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the release of cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, which are dependent on caspase-1.
Physalin H is an Hh signaling inhibitor blocks GLI1-DNA-complex formation, it also strong quinone reductase induction activity with IR (Induction ratio, QR induction activity) value of 3.74±0.02. Physalin H shows immunosuppressive effects on T cells both