free fatty acids

(±)-Lisofylline 是一种对映异构体特异性、烷基取代的甲基黄嘌呤，在下调白细胞活化方面具有特异性和有效的活性。它是一种抗炎剂。

GS-9667是一种A（1）腺苷受体（AR）的选择性部分激动剂，通过降低游离脂肪酸（FFA）可有效治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）和血脂异常。

(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine (Hydroxyisoleucine) 是分离自胡芦巴中的一种可口服的有效成分，具有抗糖尿病、抗糖尿病肾病的作用。

Heptadecanoic acid 是奇链饱和脂肪酸，与一些疾病（如冠心病、糖尿病前期和 2 型糖尿病以及多发性硬化症）有关。

HSL-IN-1 是一种具有口服活性和高效性的激素敏感脂肪酶 (HSL) 抑制剂 ，显著降低了活性代谢物负荷，能减少储存脂肪中游离脂肪酸的释放。

Monoglyceridelipase是一种在脂质代谢中起关键作用的酶，主要功能是催化单甘油酯（monoglycerides，特别是2-AG，即2-花生四烯酸甘油酯）的水解反应，产生甘油和游离脂肪酸。此酶通过调控2-AG水平，进而影响神经信号传递、疼痛感知、炎症反应和代谢活动。

ASK1-IN-12 是一种ASK1抑制剂，IC50值为6.3 nM。它能够抑制TNF-α诱导的ASK1-p38/JNK信号通路的激活，并减少游离脂肪酸引起的胆固醇升高和脂滴积累，从而改善肝细胞的脂肪变性。ASK1-IN-12 可用于非酒精性脂肪性肝炎 (NASH) 的研究。

Pyrazinoylguanidine (PZG) 是与保钾利尿剂Amiloride相似的化合物。它能够降低原发性高血压患者的收缩压和舒张压，并有一定程度的心率降低效果，同时不影响血清中钠、钾、氯等电解质的浓度。此外，Pyrazinoylguanidine 可以减轻2型糖尿病患者的高血糖和高胰岛素血症，降低甘油三酯、胆固醇及游离脂肪酸水平，并能逆转因噻嗪类利尿剂（如Hydrochlorothiazide）引起的高血糖和高血脂。它还能抑制肾小管对尿素的重吸收，提高尿素的清除率和排泄量，降低血清尿素浓度，减少毒性蓄积。

Trimetazidine是一种无关血流动力学的抗心绞痛剂，能够选择性地抑制mitochondrial enzyme 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase（LC 3-KAT）从而防止游离脂肪酸的β-氧化，IC50 值为 75 nM。Trimetazidine通过改变心脏代谢防止缺血再灌注损伤，具有抗氧化和抗缺血伤害的作用。

E-3030 free acid is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist. E-3030 decreased blood glucose, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids, and insulin levels and increased blood adiponectin levels. Triglyceride- and non-high-density lipopr

TUG-891 是一种选择性的长链游离脂肪酸受体 4 (FFA4/GPR120) 的激动剂。

Octanoic Acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of octanoic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Octanoic acid is a medium-chain saturated fatty acid. It has been found in Teleme cheeses made from goat,ovine,or bovine milk.1 Octanoic acid is active against the bacteria S. mutans,S. gordonii,F. nucleatum,and P. gingivalis (IC80s = <125,<125,1,403,and 2,294 μM,respectively).2 Levels of octanoic acid are increased in the plasma of patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)deficiency,an inborn error of fatty acid metabolism characterized by hypoketotic hypoglycemia,medium-chain dicarboxylic aciduria,and intolerance to fasting.3,4

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid-13C contains 13C at the C2 position and has been used in the study of free fatty acid incorporation into phospholipid fatty acids in soil microbes.1 Palmitic acid (T2908) is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.2 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.3 Palmitic acid (T2908) is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.3,4,5,6,7

MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice.References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019). MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice. References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019).

PGBx is a mixture of oligomers of PGB1 with a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500. It has antioxidant and free radical trapping activity that was first studied in isolated mitochondria.1 PGBx has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity which may be attributed to inhibition of the 14 kDa sPLA2.2,3 At a dose of 1 mg/kg, PGBx significantly reduces the incidence of ulcers in rats.2References1. Polis, B.D., Polis, E., and Kwong, S. Protection and reactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by a stable free-radical prostaglandin polymer (PGBΧ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76, 1598-1602 (1979).2. Kumashiro, R., Devlin, T.M., Kholoussy, A.M., et al. Prostaglandin BΧ in the prevention of stress ulcers in rats. International Surgery 70, 247-250 (1985).3. Franson, R.C., Rosenthal, M.D., and Regelson, W. Mechanism(s) of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of PGB1 oligomers: PGBx has potent anti-phospholipase A2 and anti-oxidant activity. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 43, 63-70 (1991). PGBx is a mixture of oligomers of PGB1 with a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500. It has antioxidant and free radical trapping activity that was first studied in isolated mitochondria.1 PGBx has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity which may be attributed to inhibition of the 14 kDa sPLA2.2,3 At a dose of 1 mg/kg, PGBx significantly reduces the incidence of ulcers in rats.2 References1. Polis, B.D., Polis, E., and Kwong, S. Protection and reactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by a stable free-radical prostaglandin polymer (PGBΧ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76, 1598-1602 (1979).2. Kumashiro, R., Devlin, T.M., Kholoussy, A.M., et al. Prostaglandin BΧ in the prevention of stress ulcers in rats. International Surgery 70, 247-250 (1985).3. Franson, R.C., Rosenthal, M.D., and Regelson, W. Mechanism(s) of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of PGB1 oligomers: PGBx has potent anti-phospholipase A2 and anti-oxidant activity. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 43, 63-70 (1991).

AAPH is a water-soluble azo compound which is used extensively as a free radical generator, often in the study of lipid peroxidation and the characterization of antioxidants.[1],[2],[3],[4] Decomposition of AAPH produces molecular nitrogen and 2 carbon radicals. The carbon radicals may combine to produce stable products or react with molecular oxygen to give peroxyl radicals. The half-life of AAPH is about 175 hours (37°C at neutral pH), making the rate of free radical generation essentially constant during the first several hours in solution.[5] While AAPH may be used effectively for lipid peroxidation in aqueous dispersions of fatty acids, other radical generators may be better suited for peroxidation studies in lipid micelles or membranes.[6],[7]

Isoprostanes are prostaglandin (PG)-like products of free-radical induced lipid peroxidation. Although the isoprostanes derived from arachidonic acid are the best characterized, many other polyunsaturated fatty acids can form isoprostanes. (±)5-iPF2α-VI is one of dozens of possible stereo- and regioisomeric isoprostanes which can be formed from arachidonic acid. To date, the most extensively studied of these is 8-isoprostane (8-epi-PGF2α, iPF2α-III). However, 8-isoprostane is a minor isoprostane constituent when compared to some of the other isomers which form in natural conditions of oxidative stress. (±)5-iPF2α-VI is an isoprostane from the unique Type VI class of isoprostanes. This class has been shown to be one of the major isoprostane products, in contrast to 8-isoprostane. In addition to being produced in greater abundance than 8-isoprostane, Type VI isoprostanes form internal lactones, which facilitates their extraction and purification from biological samples.

DTUN 是一种亲脂性的次硝酸酯 (Hyponitrite) 类自由基引发剂，能够高效引发脂质过氧化 (Lipid peroxidation)。在生物医学研究中，DTUN 是研究铁死亡 (Ferroptosis) 的重要工具。它通过在脂质环境中产生活性自由基，触发细胞膜中多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化链式反应，从而诱导铁死亡过程。相比于传统的酶抑制类诱导剂，DTUN 直接提供氧化压力，常用于评价抗氧化剂(如氢过硫化物)的细胞保护效能。

9-Nitrooleate 属于硝化脂肪酸，是油酸经硝化修饰得到的衍生物，对PPARγ具有激动活性（EC50=0.98 μM）,在血管相关疾病的研究中具备潜在应用价值。

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the sn-2 position leading to the production of lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. Calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α) is a 85 kDa enzyme that plays a key role in the arachidonic cascade and the inflammatory response associated with this metabolic pathway. CAY10502 is a potent inhibitor of calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α) with an IC50 value of 4.3 nM for the purified enzyme from human platelets. It inhibits arachidonic acid mobilization from A23187-stimulated or TPA-stimulated human platelets with IC50 values of 570 and 0.9 nM, respectively.

Sparstolonin B 是一种选择性 TLR2 和 TLR4 拮抗剂，是一种是一种从 Sparganium stoloniferum 和 Scirpus yagara 的块茎中分离出的异香豆素化合物，具有抗 HIV 、抗癌、抗肿瘤和抗炎活性，抑制选择性Toll样受体，抑制游离脂肪酸棕榈酸酯诱导的软骨细胞炎症并减轻肥胖小鼠的创伤后关节炎，抑制脂多糖诱导的 3T3-L1 脂肪细胞炎症，可用于研究验证和乳腺癌。

Nicotinamide-D4是Nicotinamide (T0934)的氘代标记化合物，可用于同位素示踪。Nicotinamide是一种维生素B3的衍生物，是SIRT1和SIRT2的抑制剂。

PSB-17365 is a potent GPR84 agonist. PSB-17365 exhibits EC50 values vs. GPR84 of 2.5nM in a cAMP accumulation assay, and 100nM in a β-arrestin 2 recruitment assay. No direct binding affinities are provided. PSB-17365 is selective for GPR84 compared to other free fatty acid receptors (FFAR1 and FFAR4). GPR84, a Gi protein-coupled receptor that is activated by medium-chain (hydroxy)fatty acids, appears to play an important role in inflammation, immunity, and cancer.

Acipimox (K-9321) sodium 为烟酸类似物，能抗脂及抑制脂肪分解。该化合物通过刺激瘦素释放、抑制脂解作用及全身游离脂肪水平，进而改善胰岛素敏感性。