oligosaccharide

Raffinose (Melitriose) 是不能够消化的短链寡糖，是由半乳糖，葡萄糖和果糖组成的三糖，能够在许多植物中找到。它能够被 α-半乳糖苷酶 (α-GAL) 水解为 D-半乳糖和蔗糖。

2'-FUCOSYLLACTOSE (2'-Fucosyl-D-lactose) 是一种含岩藻糖的寡糖。

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP11 GF10 is a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) compound with a degree of polymerization (DP) equal to 11. FOS consists of 10 fructose units connected by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds, with a single D-glucosyl unit present at the non-reducing end.

GM1a Ganglioside oligosaccharide为ganglioside GM1的半合成形式，后者作为霍乱毒素的天然受体，在生长调节及激素诱导反应的耦合中具有关键功能。

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP14为从Atractylodes lancea中提取的寡糖。

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP13，一种Inulin型低聚果糖，可从Morinda Officinalis中分离。

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) 是 β-(1→4)-连接的 D-氨基葡萄糖的寡聚体，Chitosan oligosaccharide可激活 AMPK ，抑制NF-κB 和 MAPK在内的炎症信号通路。

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP12 GF11 is a member of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) characterized by a degree of polymerization (DP) of 12. FOS compounds consist of 11 fructose units connected by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds, with a lone D-glucosyl unit located at the non-reducing end.

Fructo-​oligosaccharide DP7/GF6 (Fructoheptasaccharide) 属于一种聚果糖，聚合度 (DP=7)。其中 Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) 由 6 个果糖单元通过 (2→1)-β-糖苷键连接，并在非还原性末端具有 1 个 D-葡萄糖单元。

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP9/GF8 (Fructo-oligosaccharide DP9 / GF8) 是一种低聚果糖(FOS)，其聚合度DP=9。低聚果糖(FOS)由 8 个果糖单元通过 (2→1)-β-糖苷键连接，并在非还原性末端具有 1 个 D-葡萄糖单元。

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP10/GF9是一种聚合度(DP)为10的聚果糖，由非还原性末端的1个D-葡萄糖（Glucose）单元和通过(2→1)-β-糖苷键连接的9个果糖（Fructose）单元组成。

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP8 GF7 (Fructo-oligosaccharide DP8 GF7) 是一种聚果糖，聚合度(DP=8)。Fructo-oligosaccharides 由 7 个果糖单元通过 (2→1)-β-糖苷键连接，并在非还原性末端具有 1 个 D-葡萄糖单元。

Fructooligosaccharides （低聚果糖，FOS）是一种天然存在的功能性寡糖，由2~10个果糖分子与葡萄糖分子结合而成，广泛存在于香蕉、洋葱、大蒜、菊苣、蜂蜜等天然植物中。作为一种典型的益生元，低聚果糖不能被人体消化吸收，但能被肠道中的益生菌（如双歧杆菌）选择性利用，促进肠道健康、调节肠道菌群平衡、增强免疫力。

Lipopolysaccharides（LPS）来源于大肠杆菌O55:B5，是革兰氏阴性菌外膜的重要成分，由脂质A、核心寡糖和O-特异性多糖组成，具有高免疫原性，能激活免疫细胞TLR4受体，诱导细胞迁移体分泌，并有助于维持细菌外膜完整性、抵御胆汁盐和脂类抗生素的破坏，常用于炎症模型的构建，如关节炎、慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）、以及消化系统等疾病模型的构建。

D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (D-Raffinose pentahydrate) 是果糖，半乳糖和葡萄糖组成的三糖，天然存在于各种蔬菜和谷物中。D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate 是一种功能性低聚糖。

Podecdysone B 是一种从露水草中分离出来的植物蜕皮激素。

α-L-fucopyranose（L-(-)-海藻糖）是一种内源性代谢物和六碳脱氧己糖，存在于许多细胞表面寡糖配体的末端或前端位置，介导细胞识别和粘附信号通路，是在包括肿瘤在内的病理过程中一个潜在的关键分子。

Aplanin is an Oligosaccharide containing glucose as monomeric unit with an additional N-containing moiety.

Lacto-N-fucopentaose I is a milk oligosaccharide.

Trigalacturonic acid is an oligosaccharide that inhibits proteinase activity in tomato plants (ED50 = 2.6 μg plant).

Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and cardioprotective properties. It effectively promotes the growth and photosynthesis parameters of wheat seedlings[1][2].

Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide compound that possesses anti-inflammatory properties. It exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by binding to the active sites of TLR4, thereby inhibiting inflammation induced by LPS. This compound has been supported by references [1] and [2].

6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt (6'-N-Acetylneuraminyl-D-lactose sodium salt)是一种存在于母乳中的低聚糖，对 LPS 诱导的 ALI 具有保护作用，通过抑制 STAT1 和 NF-κB 信号通路来减轻 LPS 诱导的肺损伤。

Ganglioside GM1is a monosialylated ganglioside and the prototypic ganglioside for those containing one sialic acid residue.1,2It is found in a large variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons, and is enriched in lipid rafts in the cell membrane.3It associates with growth factor receptors, including TrkA, TrkB, and the GDNF receptor complex containing Ret and GFRα, and is required for TrkA expression on the cell surface. Ganglioside GM1interacts with other proteins to increase calcium influx, affecting various calcium-dependent processes, including inducing neuronal outgrowth during differentiation. Ganglioside GM1acts as a receptor for cholera toxin, which binds to its oligosaccharide group, facilitating toxin cell entry into epithelial cells of the jejunum.4,5Similarly, it is bound by the heat-labile enterotoxin fromE. coliin the pathogenesis of traveler's diarrhea.6Ganglioside GM1gangliosidosis, characterized by a deficiency in GM1-β-galactosidase, the enzyme that degrades ganglioside GM1, leads to accumulation of the gangliosides GM1and GA1in neurons and can be fatal in infants.1Levels of ganglioside GM1are decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta in postmortem brain from patients with Parkinson's disease.3Ganglioside GM1mixture contains a mixture of ovine ganglioside GM1molecular species with primarily C18:0 fatty acyl chain lengths, among various others. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1544] 1.Kolter, T.Ganglioside biochemistryISRN Biochem.506160(2012) 2.Mocchetti, I.Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophinsCell Mol. Life Sci.62(19-20)2283-2294(2005) 3.Ledeen, R.W., and Wu, G.The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of natureTrends Biochem. Sci.40(7)407-418(2015) 4.Turnbull, W.B., Precious, B.L., and Homans, S.W.Dissecting the cholera toxin-ganglioside GM1 interaction by isothermal titration calorimetryJ. Am. Chem. Soc.126(4)1047-1054(2004) 5.Blank, N., Schiller, M., Krienke, S., et al.Cholera toxin binds to lipid rafts but has a limited specificity for ganglioside GM1Immunol. Cell Biol.85(5)378-382(2007) 6.Minke, W.E., Roach, C., Hol, W.G., et al.Structure-based exploration of the ganglioside GM1 binding sites of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin for the discovery of receptor antagonistsBiochemistry38(18)5684-5692(1999)