Clemastine exhibits a comprehensive range of bioactivities and pharmacokinetic properties. It has a partition coefficient (logD6.5) of 1.65, delta logD value of -0.89, ionization constant (pKa) of 9.2, and an oral bioavailability of 49.0% in humans. Notably, it inhibits the uptake of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium at human OCT1 with an IC50 value of 4900.0 nM, showing 78.8% inhibition at a concentration of 100 uM.
Bioactivity assays reveal that Clemastine exhibits a moderate potency as an inhibitor of various Cytochrome P450 enzymes (2C19, 2D6, 3A4), as well as displays agonist and antagonist activities across numerous receptors and enzymes. It also inhibits 15-human lipoxygenase 2 and ATXN expression and interacts with a variety of receptors related to cancer cell targeting, genotoxicity, and virus entry inhibition.
Specifically, Clemastine shows affinity for histamine H1 central receptors, multiple dopamine receptors (D1-D3), serotonin receptors (5-HT1B, 5-HT2 family, 5-HT6), sigma receptors (Sigma1, Sigma2), as well as adrenergic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Moreover, it has inhibitory activities on human CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, with a varying IC50 ratio depending on the substrate used.
In antiviral studies, Clemastine demonstrated activity against Ebolavirus and SARS-CoV-2, inhibiting viral entry and replication with IC50 values of 1100.0 nM and 2137.96 nM, respectively. It also shows significant interactions with enzymes such as HDAC6 and various PDEs, highlighting its broad spectrum of biochemical targets.
Despite its bioactivity, Clemastine shows potential hepatotoxicity, indicated by elevated levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and associated symptoms such as liver damage and cirrhosis but no acute liver toxicity observed. Furthermore, it presents with a logD7.4 value favorable for bioavailability and distribution.
Overall, Clemastine's extensive interaction with multiple biological pathways and receptors presents it as a compound of significant pharmacological interest, although caution regarding liver toxicity is advised..
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