proinflammatory cytokine

GSK2983559 free acid 是一种有效的特异性受体相互作用蛋白 2 (RIP2) 抑制剂。 GSK2983559 free acid 在阻断人类炎症性肠病外植体样品和体内的许多促炎细胞因子反应方面表现出优异的活性。

Beclometasone dipropionate (Vancenase) 是具有口服活性的糖皮质激素，具有抗炎和免疫抑制作用。它是Betamethasone 的前体药物，Betamethasone 是 LPS 诱导的炎症及 MMP 释放的抑制剂。

Sinapinic Acid (Synapoic acid) 是从 Hydnophytum formicarumJack. 根中分离到的酚类，是HDAC 抑制剂，对ACE-I 的活性也有抑制作用。它有抗肿瘤活性，诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，具有抗氧化、抗糖尿病的作用。

Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate*free acid) 是糖皮质激素， 是口服有活性的甾体抗炎剂。它能够降低IL-6(IC50:6.7 μM)、IL-3(IC50:21.4 μM)的生物活性，可用于研究溃疡性结肠炎。

SIRT5 inhibitor 7 (compound 58) 是底物竞争性和选择性的 SIRT5 抑制剂，IC 50 = 310 nM，显著减轻了脂多糖（LPS）和盲肠结扎 穿孔（CLP）诱导的脓毒性AKI小鼠的肾功能障碍和病理损伤，调节急性肾损伤（AKI）小鼠肾脏中蛋白琥珀酰化和促炎细胞因子的释放。

Cornuside (Comuside) 是从山茱萸的果实中分离出的环烯醚萜苷，可用于炎症疾病的研究和促进血液循环。 它通过下调 MAPK 和 NF-κB 信号通路抑制肥大细胞介导的过敏反应，用于炎性过敏性疾病中的潜能。

6-OAU (GTPL5846) 是 GPR84 的替代激动剂，在 Gqi5 嵌合体存在的情况下，在 HEK293 细胞中激活人 GPR84，在 PI 测定中 EC50 为 105 nM。

Naringenin chalcone (Isosalipurpol) 是一种黄酮醇生物合成的中间体，在查耳酮异构酶的作用下，自发代谢成柚皮素。它具有抗炎和抗过敏活性。

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

Benpyrine is a highly specific and orally active TNF-α inhibitor with a KD value of 82.1 μM. Benpyrine tightly binds to TNF-α and blocks its interaction with TNFR1, with an IC50 value of 0.109 μM. Benpyrine has the potential for TNF-α mediated inflammatory and autoimmune disease research[1]. Benpyrine (5-20 μM; 14 hours; RAW264.7 cells) pretreatment results in a dose-dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of IκBα in RAW264.7 cells (stimulated with 10 ng mL TNF-α or 1 μg mL LPS). Benpyrine abolishes the TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in RAW264.7 cells[1].Benpyrine only blocks cell death induced by TNF-αWT and Y119A, and increases the cell survival rate up to 80%. Benpyrine does not obviously affect L57A- and Y59L-induced cytotoxicity in L929 cells[1]. Benpyrine (25-50 mg kg; oral gavage; daily; for 2 weeks; Balb c mice) treatment significantly relieves the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis. Benpyrine dose-dependently decreases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6, and increases the concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10[1].Endotoxemia murine model shows that Benpyrine (25 mg kg) could attenuate TNF-α-induced inflammation, thereby reducing liver and lung injury[1]. [1]. Weiguang Sun, et al. Discovery of an Orally Active Small Molecule TNF-α Inhibitor. J Med Chem. 2020 Jul 15.

MSA-2 dimer is a selective, orally active non-nucleotide STING agonist (Kd=145 μM) with long-term antitumor and immunogenic activity. MSA-2 dimer is bound to STING as a non-covalent dimer exhibiting higher permeability than cyclic dinucleotide[1]. MSA-2 dimer (60 mg kg; p.o.; 50 days) inhibits tumor growth and prolongs overall survival[1]. MSA-2 dimer (40 mg kg; s.c.; 25 days) induces complete tumor regression[1].MSA-2 dimer (60 mg kg; p.o.; 4 hours) increases proinflammatory cytokine (IFN-β) level in tumors[1].MSA-2 dimer (60 mg kg; s.c.; 4 hours) concentrations is observed in tumors than in plasma or other nontumor tissues [1].MSA-2 dimer (THP-1 cells) induces phosphorylation of both TBK1 and IR. MSA-2 dimer (10 μM and 33 μM; macrophages) induces IFN-β[1].MSA-2 dimer also exhibits dose-dependent antitumor activity when administered by IT, SC, or PO routes[1]. [1]. Pan BS, et al. An orally available non-nucleotide STING agonist with antitumor activity. Science. 2020;369(6506):eaba6098.

Corilagin 是一种鞣酸，有抑制 RNA 肿瘤病毒逆转录酶的活性。它抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的生长，MIC 为 25 μg mL。它有抗肿瘤活性，可用于肝癌和卵巢癌。

MIF-IN-1 (compound 14) 是巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(MIF)的抑制剂，pIC50为6.87。巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子 (MIF) 是一种与多种疾病相关的促炎细胞因子，包括神经退行性疾病。

AS1940477 is p38 MAPK inhibitor. AS1940477 inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant p38α and β isoforms but showed no effect against other 100 protein kinases including p38γ and δ isoforms. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, AS1940477 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or phytohemagglutinin A (PHA)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 at low concentrations (LPS TNFα, IC(50)=0.45n M; PHA TNFα, IC(50)=0.40 nM). In addition, equivalent concentrations of AS1940477 that inhibited cytokine production also inhibited TNFα- and IL-1 β-induced production of IL-6, PGE(2), and MMP-3 in human synovial stromal cells. AS1940477 was also found to potently inhibit TNF production in whole blood (IC(50)=12 nM) and effectively inhibited TNFα production induced by systemically administered LPS in rats at less than 0.1mg kg (ED(50)=0.053 mg kg) with an anti-inflammatory effect lasting for 20h after oral administration. Overall, this stu......

TLR9-IN-18 is a potent and selective TLR9 antagonist. TLR9-IN-18 suppresses the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in a CpG-induced mouse model.

Semapimod是一种抑制促炎细胞因子产生的化合物，具有抑制TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6功能。它通过抑制巨噬细胞的p38 MAPK以及一氧化氮的生成发挥作用，并且能够抑制TLR4信号传导（IC50约为0.3 μM）。Semapimod对于治疗各类炎症和自身免疫性疾病显示出潜在效用。

Drotrecogin alfa activated (DrotAA)为重组人活化蛋白C（APC）。该化合物能够抑制由烟雾引起的大鼠肺微血管通透性上升及促炎细胞因子IL-1β水平增加，具有抗凝血与抗炎作用，并促进纤溶过程。Drotrecogin alfa activated主要用于重症脓毒症的实验研究。

Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide (PGE2-EA) 作为PGE2的类似物，通过COX-2催化内源性大麻素进行氧化而形成，具有可能调控人血以及人单核细胞中促炎细胞因子TNF-α产生的功能。

Beclomethasone Dipropionate-d6 是 Beclomethasone Dipropionate 的氘代化合物。Beclomethasone Dipropionate 的 CAS 号为 5534-09-8。Betamethasone dipropionate是具有口服活性的糖皮质激素，具有抗炎和免疫抑制作用。它是Betamethasone 的前体药物，Betamethasone 是 LPS 诱导的炎症及 MMP 释放的抑制剂。

Galeopsin shows potential anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, it has anti-proliferative effect on several cancer cell lines.