16F16 is a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) inhibitor.1It inhibits PDI reductase activity in an enzyme assay when used at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg/ml.116F16 reduces PC12 cell apoptosis induced by the misfolded huntingtin protein HTTQ103. It suppresses PDI-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) in isolated PC12 cell mitochondria. 16F16 (2, 3, 4, and 10 μM) reduces HTTN90Q73mutant huntingtin-induced medium spinal neuron death and MOMP in rat corticostriatal slices. It also reduces pyramidal neuron death induced by amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) in rat corticostriatal slices.
1.Hoffstrom, B.G., Kaplan, A., Letso, R., et al.Inhibitors of protein disulfide isomerase suppress apoptosis induced by misfolded proteinsNat. Chem. Biol.6(12)900-906(2010)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins and a disruption of calcium homeostasis, has been linked to several neuronal diseases including, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and prion diseases. A screen for protective activity against ER stress-dependent cell death identified termitomycamides, extracts from the fruiting bodies of T. titanicus, a notably large edible mushroom that is cultivated symbiotically in the nests of termites Termitomycamide B is a fatty acid isolated from T. titanicus that at a dose of 0.1 μg/ml protects against ER stress-dependent cell death in Neuro2a cells induced by tunicamycin.
VCP/p97 inhibitor-1, a highly effective compound, inhibits VCP/p97 (also known as Cdc48, CDC-48, or Ter94) with an IC 50 of 54.7 nM. This inhibitor induces a disruption in protein homeostasis and interferes with the degradation process of misfolded polypeptides by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).
Arimoclomol citrate (BRX-220 citrate) is a heat shock protein (HSP) co-inducer that acts by enhancing Hsp expression and directly impacting protein aggregation, clearance of misfolded assemblies, and the proteasome-ubiquitin system. This compound is known for its ability to protect motor neurons.