gmp-amp

G140 是选择性环状GMP-AMP 合酶抑制剂，具有抗炎活性，对 h-cGAS 和 m-cGAS 的IC50值分别为 14.0 和 442 nM。

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) 是细胞天然免疫中第二信使，在 DNA 结合条件下由 cGAMP 合成酶 (cGAS) 催化形成。2',3'-cGAMP sodium 可与 STING 结合形成二聚体，诱导 IFN-β 及其他细胞因子的产生和表达。

RU.521 (RU3205217) 是选择性的环状 GMP-AMP 合成酶 (cGAS) 抑制剂，抑制 cGAS 介导的干扰素上调。它也抑制dsDNA 激活受体的活性，IC50为 700 nM。它可降低来自 Aicardi-Goutières 综合征小鼠模型的巨噬细胞中干扰素的组成型表达。

G150 是高选择性h-cGAS 抑制剂，IC50值为 10.2 nM，用于抑制 dsDNA 引发的干扰素表达。

cGAMP is an endogenous second messenger in metazoans and triggers interferon production in response to cytosolic DNA. It also is a STING ligand.

2',3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP) 是细胞天然免疫中第二信使，在DNA结合条件下由 cGAMP 合成酶 (cGAS) 催化形成。2',3'-cGAMP 可与 STING 结合形成二聚体，诱导干扰素-β（IFN-β）及其他细胞因子的产生和表达。

IRAK4-IN-4 （化合物 15） 是白介素-1 受体相关激酶抑制剂，IC50为 2.8 nM。它还抑制环 GMP-AM 合酶 ，IC50为 2.1 nM。

PF-06928215 是高亲和力 cGAS 抑制剂，IC50为 4.9 μΜ，亲和力 Kd 值为 0.2 μΜ。

Decoyinine (Decynylene) 是一种选择性的GMP 合成酶抑制剂，是一种新型的潜在微生物杀虫剂，是一种由透明链霉菌产生的次级代谢产物。Decoyinine 诱导水稻对小棕瓢虫Laodelphax striatellus 的抗性。

cGAS-IN-4 (Compound 36) 是一种口服有效的环状 GMP-AMP 合酶 (cGAS) 抑制剂，对 h-cGAS 和 m-cGAS 的 IC50 分别为 32 nM 和 5.8 nM。在 THP-1 cell 细胞中，cGAS-IN-4 以 IC50 为 60 nM 抑制 cGAMP，从而提高细胞效能。在小鼠模型中，该化合物对 Concanavalin A 诱发的急性肝损伤展现抗炎作用。

8-CPT-Cyclic AMP (8-CPT-cAMP) sodium 是环 AMP 依赖性蛋白激酶的选择性激活剂。 8-CPT-Cyclic AMP sodium 也是有效的环 GMP 特异性磷酸二酯酶(PDE VA)抑制剂，IC50为 0.9 μM。 8-CPT-Cyclic AMP sodium 还抑制 PDE III 和 PDE IV，IC50分别为 24 和 25 μM。8-CPT-Cyclic AMP sodium 对 Epac 具有非常高的亲和力，是一种有效的Epac 活化剂。

5'-pApA is a linearized form of cyclic di-AMP, a bacterial second messenger that activates the host innate immune system through stimulator of interferon genes (STING).1,2,3,4It is a metabolite of cyclic di-AMP formedviahydrolysis by various phosphodiesterases (PDEs).55'-pApA is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-AMP signaling. 1.Burdette, D.L., Monroe, K.M., Sotelo-Troha, K., et al.STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic-di-GMPNature478(7370)515-518(2011) 2.Parvatiyar, K., Zhang, Z., Teles, R.M., et al.DDX41 recognizes bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune responseNat. Immunol.13(12)1155-1161(2012) 3.Woodward, J.J., Iavarone, A.T., and Portnoy, D.A.c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon responseScience328(5986)1703-1705(2010) 4.Witte, C.E., Whiteley, A.T., Burke, T.P., et al.Cyclic di-AMP is critical for Listeria monocytogenes growth, cell wall homeostasis, and establishment of infectionmBio4(3)e00282-00213(2013) 5.Fahmi, T., Port, G.C., and Cho, K.H.c-di-AMP: An essential molecule in the signaling pathways that regulate the viability and virulence of gram-positive bacteriaGenes (Basel)8(8)197(2017)

Cyclic di-IMP (sodium salt) (c-di-IMP) is a synthetic second messenger structurally related to the bacterial second messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP . C-di-IMP has adjuvant properties when co-administered with antigens in vitro and by mucosal routes in vivo. C-di-IMP enriches the population of MHC class I and II, CD80, CD86, CD40, and CD54 positive dendritic cells derived from murine bone marrow. It also stimulates macrophages at 500 ng ml. Mice immunized with β-galactosidase (β-gal) plus c-di-IMP through the intranasal route show a humoral immune response, evidenced by an increase in IgG titers up to 2-fold compared to mice immunized with β-gal alone. Mice immunized with β-gal plus c-di-IMP also exhibit a Th1 Th2 response, indicating that the adjuvant activity of c-di-IMP leads to a cellular immune response as well.

Cyclic di-UMP is a pyrimidine-containing cyclic dinucleotide (CDN).1It is produced by bacterial cGAS DncV-like nucleotidyltransferases (CD-NTases), such as LpCdnE02 fromL. pneumophila, and binds to cGAS, in the apo or dsDNA-bound forms, with reduced affinity compared to 2'3'-cGAMP or 3'3'-cGAMP .1,2Cyclic di-UMP is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-GMP signaling. 1.Whiteley, A.T., Eaglesham, J.B., de Oliveira Mann, C.C., et al.Bacterial cGAS-like enzymes synthesize diverse nucleotide signalsNature564(7747)194-199(2019) 2.Hall, J., Ralph, E.C., Shanker, S., et al.The catalytic mechanism of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and implications for innate immunity and inhibitionProtein Sci.26(12)2367-2380(2017)

CU-32 is an inhibitor of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS; IC50= 0.45 μM).1It reduces DNA-, but not Sendai virus-, induced dimerization of IFN regulatory factor 3 in THP-1 cells, indicating selectivity for the cGAS DNA sensing pathway over the RIG-I-MAVS RNA sensing pathway. It is also selective for cGAS over toll-like receptors (TLRs) at 50 μM. CU-32 decreases IFN-stimulatory DNA-induced production of IFN-β in THP-1 cells when used at concentrations of 10, 30, and 100 μM. 1.Padilla-Salinas, R., Sun, L., Anderson, R., et al.Discovery of small-molecule cyclic GMP-AMP synthase inhibitorsJ. Org. Chem.85(3)1579-1600(2020)

CU-76 is an inhibitor of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS; IC50= 0.24 μM).1It reduces DNA-, but not Sendai virus-, induced dimerization of IFN regulatory factor 3 in THP-1 cells, indicating selectivity for the cGAS DNA sensing pathway over the RIG-I-MAVS RNA sensing pathway. CU-76 decreases IFN-stimulatory DNA-induced production of IFN-β in THP-1 cells when used at concentrations of 10, 30, and 100 μM. 1.Padilla-Salinas, R., Sun, L., Anderson, R., et al.Discovery of small-molecule cyclic GMP-AMP synthase inhibitorsJ. Org. Chem.85(3)1579-1600(2020)

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate pentasodium(磷酸核糖焦磷酸五钠盐)是PRPP的四钠盐形式。PRPP是腺苷磷酸核糖基转移酶和次黄嘌呤 鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶催化反应合成AMP和GMP的磷酸核糖基供体。PRPP由5-磷酸核糖和ATP通过PRPP合成酶合成（EC 2.7.6.1）。

cGAS-IN-1（化合物C20）是一种黄酮类化合物，作为Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase（cGAS）的抑制剂，其IC50分别为2.28 μM（针对人类cGAS）和1.44 μM（针对小鼠cGAS）。由于cGAS异常激活与众多免疫介导的炎症性疾病相关，cGAS-IN-1显示出了其抗炎潜力。

cGAS-IN-2 (compound 109) 作为一种高效的cGAS (Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase) 抑制剂，展现出了对 h-cGAS 的强效抑制作用，具有 0.01512 μM 的IC50值。

TDI-6570,作为一种环 GMP-AMP 合成酶 (cGAS) 抑制剂,表现出了较低的 IC50 值,为 0.138 μM.

Cyclic GMP 是一种内源性第二信使，能诱导胞浆 DNA 反应引发干扰素的生成。它通过激活干扰素基因刺激因子 (STING)，触发产生 I 型干扰素及其他免疫介质的信号级联。Cyclic GMP 与 Cyclic-AMP 的结合物 Cyclic-GMP-AMP 会促进 IRF3 磷酸化和核转位，从而增强抗病毒免疫反应。此外，Cyclic GMP 可能通过激活 PDE 降解 cAMP 来抑制心肌细胞钙电流 ICa，从而调节心肌收缩。其衍生物 8-Br-cGMP 具有抗血小板活性。Cyclic GMP 被用于研究抗病毒免疫和心血管疾病。