(R,S)-Carvedilol glucuronide is a racemic mixture of the carvedilol metabolites (R)-carvedilol glucuronide and (S)-carvedilol glucuronide. (R)-Carvedilol glucuronide is formed via glucuronidation of (R)-carvedilol by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms UGT1A1 and UGT2B4. (S)-Carvedilol glucuronide is formed via glucuronidation of (S)-carvedilol by UGT2B4 and UGT2B7.
Carlinoside could be a worthy choice to intervene hyperbilirubinemia due to liver dysfunction. Carlinoside upregulates Nrf2 gene expression, increases its nuclear translocation and stimulates UGT1A1 promoter activity.
Naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, a metabolite of the flavonoid naringenin, is predominantly synthesized through the action of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9.