redox indicator

Glutathione can occur in reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG), or in mixed disulfide forms and is ubiquitous in multiple biological systems serving as the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer of the cell. GSSG is the oxidized form of GSH . It can be reduced back to GSH through the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase. GSSG functions as a hydrogen acceptor in the enzymatic determination of NADP+ and NADPH and can be a proximal donor in S-glutathionylation post translational modifications. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as an indicator of oxidative stress, with higher concentrations of GSSG predicting increased oxidative stress.

Bordeaux Red (Acid Red 17) 是一种氧化还原指示剂，适用于细胞质染色，例如脾、睾丸和肝切片的染色。在生命科学研究中，Bordeaux Red 可作为生物材料或有机化合物使用。

Tetrazolium violet 是一种氧化还原指示剂，广泛应用于生化分析中，用于测量细胞活力和代谢活性。其独特的化学特性使其能够被细胞酶（例如脱氢酶）还原，生成紫色的甲臜产物，并可通过分光光度法进行检测。这一特性使其成为评估培养物或组织样本中细胞健康和生长状况的有效工具。