osteocalcin

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)是天然存在的维生素。Vitamin K1是血液凝固，骨和血管代谢所必须的。

Osteocalcin (37-49), human 是多肽分子，其序列是 GFQEAYRRFYGPV。

Vitamin K (Kephton) 具有凝血作用，对凝血因子、基质-Gla 蛋白和骨钙素很重要。

Hederagenin 3-O-(2-O-acetyl-α-L-arabinopyranoside) significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and enhanced the protein expression levels of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OC).

SAP15（Synthetic anti-inflammatory peptide 15），一种由15个氨基酸组成的合成抗炎肽，源自于人类β-防御素3设计。该肽具备穿透细胞的能力，能诱导细胞内炎症反应的下调。它通过抑制HDAC5的磷酸化来减少NF-κBp65的磷酸化，从而抑制炎症反应。在LPS诱导的巨噬细胞中，SAP15能有效抑制HDAC5和NF-κBp65的磷酸化。此外，SAP15处理能促进LPS诱导的软骨细胞中aggrecan与II型胶原的表达，并降低骨钙素的表达。SAP15适用于用于研究生物材料中的炎症调节和抗炎治疗。