Fructosyl-lysine is the precursor to glucosepane. Fructosyl-lysine is a lysine–arginine protein cross-link that can be an indicator in diabetes detection. Fructosyl-lysine is an amadori glycation product from the reaction of glucose and lysine by the Maillard reaction.
3-Deoxy-galactosone, a 1,2-dicarbonyl compound, originates from the degradation of galactose. It forms in food during Maillard and caramelization reactions.
Furosine dihydrochloride, an amino acid derivative, is a significant biochemical indicator of initial Maillard reactions. The compound is strongly associated with various diseases, including diabetes.