sputum

Guaifenesin (Guaiphenesin) 是一种祛痰剂，来自于 Guajacum officinale Linné 木材中。它可以增加痰液体积和降低其粘度，缓解咳嗽不适，促进有效的咳嗽。

PDE4-IN-26 (Compound A5) 是一种口服活性高且选择性强的PDE4抑制剂。它具有抗炎特性，能够抑制p38 MAPK的磷酸化。在急性肺损伤和慢性阻塞性肺疾病的小鼠模型中，PDE4-IN-26 可有效改善肺部炎症、损伤及纤维化，同时促进痰液分泌和缓解咳嗽症状。PDE4-IN-26 可用于研究与肺损伤有关的疾病。

Pepsin is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids that can be easily absorbed in the small intestine[1]. Pepsin is stable at pH ranges as high as pH 6. Above this pH, pepsin is rapidly irreversibly inactivated and elevation of pH of the reaction mixture to pH 8 results in complete inactivation of pepsin[2]. Pepsin has been posited to be a reliable biological marker of EER. An immunologic pepsin assay of combined sputum and saliva was determined to be 100% sensitive and 89% specific for detection of EER (based on pH-metry), and an enzymatic test of nasal lavage fluid (100% sensitivity and 92.5% specificity) demonstrated an increased incidence of EER in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis[3]. Cultured hypopharyngeal epithelial (FaDu) cells were exposed to human pepsin (0.1 mg mL) at pH 7.4 for either 1 hour or 12 hours at 37°C and both mitochondria and Golgi complexes were clearly damaged. This finding reveals a novel mechanism by which pepsin could cause cell damage, potentially even in nonacidic refluxate[4].

L-K6L9 对于囊性纤维化患者的铜绿假单胞菌 (P. aeruginosa) 表现出显著的抗菌 (antimicrobial) 活性和抗生物膜 (anti-biofilm) 能力。该化合物的抗酶解性质保证了其在体内的稳定性，且不引发细菌的耐药性。

D-K6L9表现出针对囊性纤维化患者中的P. aeruginosa具有抗菌(antimicrobial)及抗生物膜效应，能稳定抵抗囊性纤维化痰中的蛋白酶降解，且不诱发细菌耐药性。