genitourinary

Cephradine (Anspor) 是广谱口服活性头孢菌素。它对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性病原体都有活性。它已用于泌尿生殖系统、胃肠道和呼吸道感染以及皮肤和软组织感染的研究。它通过直接抑制TOPK 抑制太阳紫外线诱导的皮肤炎症。

Dasantafil (SCH446132) 是一种小分子磷酸二酯酶-5A(PDE5A)抑制剂，可用于治疗泌尿生殖系统疾病和研究勃起功能障碍。

Fispemifene (HM-101) 是一种雌激素受体调节剂（SERM），可用于治疗泌尿生殖系统综合征和阴道萎缩。

Izonsteride (LY320236) 是一种选择性强效 5α 还原酶抑制剂，对酶的 I 型和 II 型同工酶具有双重作用。Izonsteride 可用于治疗肿瘤和泌尿生殖系统疾病，可用于研究前列腺癌。

BMS-488043 是一种新颖独特的口服小分子HIV融合抑制剂，可抑制人类免疫缺陷病毒 1 型（HIV-1）附着于 CD4（+）淋巴细胞。BMS-488043 可用于治疗免疫系统疾病、感染和泌尿生殖系统疾病，可用与研究HIV感染。

Zanoterone是一种AR拮抗剂(雄激素受体)。Zanoterone具有抗肿瘤活性，可用于治疗泌尿生殖系统疾病和肿瘤疾病，可用于研究前列腺癌。

Turosteride是一种小分子类固醇5α还原酶（5α-reductase）抑制剂。Turosteride具有抗肿瘤活性，可用于治疗肿瘤疾病和泌尿生殖系统疾病，可用于研究前列腺癌。

PG-11047 2HCl 是一种细胞凋亡刺激剂，可用于治疗泌尿生殖系统疾病、免疫系统疾病、遗传病与畸形、眼部疾病和血液及淋巴系统疾病，研究淋巴瘤和前列腺癌。

Albaconazole (W-0027)是一种小分子真菌细胞色素P450家族成员51 (fungal CYP51A1)抑制剂。它可用于治疗真菌感染、皮肤和肌肉骨骼疾病，可用于研究外阴阴道念珠菌病、Chagas病和泌尿生殖系统疾病。

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

β-Defensin-3 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It inhibits the growth of the periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, and L. casei (MICs = 12.5-100 mg/l). It also inhibits the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. β-Defensin-3 stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes when used at a concentration of 30 μg/ml. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 5, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-3 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose.

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

Nesuparib (JPI-547 OCN-201) 是一种有效的PARP抑制剂，对PARP 和TNKS1具有抑制作用。Nesuparib 具有抗肿瘤活性，可用于治疗肿瘤、内分泌与代谢疾病、泌尿生殖系统疾病，可用于研究神经性疼痛、神经退行性疾病和心血管疾病 。

Lomefloxacin (SC47111A) aspartate 是广谱的喹诺酮类抗菌剂，能够用于呼吸道感染、胃肠道感染、泌尿生殖系统感染、耳鼻喉感染等疾病的研究。

Neratinib maleate (HKI-272 maleate) 是一种不可逆且具有口服活性和高选择性的 HER2 和 EGFR 抑制剂，IC50 值分别为 59 nM 和 92 nM。Neratinib maleate具有抗肿瘤活性，可用于治疗消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、泌尿生殖系统疾病和皮肤和肌肉骨骼疾病，可用于研究乳腺癌和前列腺癌。