d-toxin

Atelopidtoxin is a biochemical.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (D-Galactosamine HCl) 是一种被证实的实验毒素，它能够产生自由基及UTP 核苷酸的消耗导致肝损伤，中毒剂量会造成肾功能不全，而肾功能衰竭通常和终末期肝损伤有关。脂多糖 D-Galactosamine 诱导的急性肝损伤是一种已知的暴发性肝衰竭动物模型。

D-CopA3 是 MDM2 的抑制剂并激活 p53 信号通路。在结直肠癌细胞系 HCT-116、LoVo 和 RKO 中，D-CopA3 显示出细胞毒性（IC50=15-18 μM），并诱导 JNK Beclin-1 介导的自噬 (autophagy)。此外，它下调细胞周期抑制蛋白 p21Cip1 Waf1 的表达，增强粘膜屏障功能，减少炎症介质的渗透。D-CopA3 在小鼠 C. difficile 毒素 A 诱发的急性肠炎模型和 DSS 诱发的慢性结肠炎模型中展现抗炎活性，且在小鼠 HCT-116 异种移植模型中具有抗肿瘤作用。

Cytochalasin C is a cell-permeable fungal toxin that can induce the formation of nuclear sticks. Cytochalasin C is 10 times less toxic than cytochalasin D in mice.

Biliatresone 是一种从球藻 Dysphania glomulifera 和 D. littoralis 中分离出来的环境毒素，诱导 C57BL 6J 新生儿胆管病，诱导谷胱甘肽 （GSH） 水平降低，诱导 SOX17 胆管细胞水平显着降低，诱导小鼠肝外胆管细胞损伤和纤维化。

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

Indican (Indoxyl-β-D-glucoside) 是吲哚酚的一种糖苷，染料靛蓝和靛玉红的前体。它的主要代谢物是硫酸吲哚酚 (IS)。其中 IS 是尿毒症毒素，是有机阴离子转运蛋白1 (OAT 1)、OAT 3 和多药耐药相关蛋白4 (MRP 4) 的底物 抑制剂。