carnitine chloride

(±)-Carnitine chloride (Monocamin) 有D 和L 两种异构体。其中 L-carnitine 在脂肪酸的 β-氧化中起重要作用，也具有抗氧化作用和抗炎活性。

Stearoyl-L-carnitine chloride（Acylcarnitine C18:0） 是一种存在于小脑中的长链酰基肉碱，抑制 GlyT2 ，是研究脂代谢的重要组成部分。

Eicosapentaenoyl-L-carnitine chloride 是由 Eicosapentaenoic Acid 和 L-Carnitine 构成的一种长链酰基肉碱。在失焦透镜导致的近视小鼠模型中，喂食富含 n-3 n-6 多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFAs) 的小鼠，其眼部的 Eicosapentaenoyl-L-carnitine chloride 水平有所上升。

Oleoyl-L-carnitine是一种长链酰基肉碱，也是一种糖苷转运体2（GlyT2；IC50 = 340 nM）的抑制剂，对GlyT2比对GlyT1（IC50 = >10,000 nM）具有选择性。慢性肾脏病或接受初始血液透析的终末期肾脏病患者的血浆中Oleoyl-L-carnitine水平增高，这与心血管死亡率相关。

Linoleoyl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring long-chain acylcarnitine. Hepatic levels of linoleoyl-L-carnitine are increased following high-dose (200 mg kg) administration of isoniazid in mice.

Hexanoyl-L-carnitine is a medium-chain acylcarnitine. It has been used in the synthesis of acylcarnitine benzyl esters.1 1.Gong, X.-w., Li, J.-p., Wu, J.-f., et al.Synthesis of carnitine benzyl esters as prodrugsJ. Chem. Res.2008(6)327-330(2008)

Palmitoyl-D-carnitine is a long-chain acylcarnitine, an isomer of palmitoyl-L-carnitine , and the D enantiomer of palmitoyl-DL-carnitine . It inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase with a Ki value of 2.1 mM for 14C-palmitoylcarnitine synthesis by erythrocyte membranes.

Valeryl-L-carnitine is a short-chain acylcarnitine and a derivative of L-carnitine . Valeryl-L-carnitine levels increase in the serum of rhesus monkeys following exposure to 7 and 10 Gray units (Gy) of ionizing radiation.[1]

Decanoyl-L-carnitine is an ester derivative of L-carnitine . It increases the formation of C24 fatty acid intermediates, as well as docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in rat hepatocytes.

Heptanoyl-L-carnitine is a medium-chain acylcarnitine and derivative of L-carnitine .

Isovaleryl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring acylcarnitine that is formed via metabolic conversion of L-leucine. It increases survival and decreases apoptosis in hepatocyte growth factor-deprived murine C2.8 hepatocytes when used at a concentration of 1 mM. Isovaleryl-L-carnitine inhibits amino acid deprivation-induced proteolysis and autophagy in isolated perfused rat liver when used at concentrations of 77 and 100 μM, respectively. Increased levels of isovaleryl carnitine are associated with isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (isovaleric acidemia).

Butyryl-L-carnitine is a butyrate ester of carnitine. It is an inhibitor of intestinal transporters, blocking carnitine uptake by the carnitine transporter and glycine transport by the amino acid transporter in human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells (IC50s = 1.5 μM and 4.6 mM, respectively).

Acetyl L-Carnitine-d3 Chloride 是 Acetyl L-Carnitine Chloride 的氘代化合物。

Carnitine facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria to be used in fatty acid metabolism. It does so by accepting acyl groups from fatty acids complexed with coenzyme A, which yields esterified carnitine or acylcarnitines that enable the transport of fatty acyl groups into the inner mitochondrial matrix. β-Oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria is inhibited by uncoupling conditions, thus changes in circulating levels of various acylcarnitines have been used to identify alterations in metabolic state.[1] [2] Arachidonoyl-L-carnitine formed from carnitine conjugated to arachidonic acid .

Isobutyryl-L-carnitine chloride 是 DDI 评估的潜在临床 OCT1 生物标志物，可用于研究心力衰竭。

Lauroyl-L-carnitine chloride (Standard)（L-氯化月桂酰肉碱 标准品）是一种中长链酰基肉碱，参与脂肪酸代谢过程，可作为生物标志物用于研究脂肪酸氧化障碍和相关代谢紊乱。作为标准品，可用于定量检测和代谢通路研究。

(±)-Propionylcarnitine chloride (Propionyl-DL-carnitine chloride) 是一种短链酰基肉碱的混合物，可用作膳食补充剂，可用于研究慢性糖尿病。

L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride)是一种脂肪酸代谢产物，具有抗血栓形成的作用，通过抵消tMCAO模型中的脑内血栓形成来保护小鼠免受缺血性中风。L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride抑制心脏中的Na K泵，抑制 FeCl 3诱导的动脉血栓形成，减轻了短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞（tMCAO）小鼠模型的脑内血栓形成和炎症。

Myristoyl-L-carnitine chloride (L-Myristoylcarnitine chloride) 是人体的代谢物之一，与遗传代谢疾病有关。Tetradecanoylcarnitine 是研究糖尿病和自身免疫性肝炎的潜在标记物。

(±)-Acetylcarnitine chloride (Acetyl dl-carnitine chloride) 是一种弱胆碱能激动剂，具有神经保护作用，可用于研究神经炎。

Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl DL-carnitine chloride) 是一种线粒体脂肪酸氧化中间体，可介导脂质内心脏保护。Palmitoylcarnitine chloride 通过消耗谷胱甘肽来消除结直肠癌细胞的存活，诱导癌细胞死亡，调节蛋白激酶 C βII 与其受体 RACK1 之间的相互作用。

(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride 是一种脂肪酸代谢产物，能将脂肪酸分解成能够被身体利用的小分子化合物。(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride 可通过大鼠骨骼肌毒性特异性从而作为一种生物标志物。(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride 具有胆碱能活性。

Lauroylcarnitine chloride 可促进大鼠吸收鲑鱼降钙素，在测定原位生物利用度中，提高荧光黄的利用度，降低结肠中 claudin-4 蛋白的表达。

(±)-Octanoylcarnitine chloride is a homolog of acetylcarnitine chloride.