IL-12

Apilimod (STA 5326) 是一种有效的、高度选择性的PIKfyve 抑制剂，是一种 IL-12 IL-23 的有效抑制剂，抑制人和猴的 PBMC 细胞中的 IL-12，IC50值为 1 nM 和 2 nM。

Apilimod mesylate (STA 5326 mesylate) 是一种 IL-12 IL-23 的有效抑制剂，抑制人和猴的 PBMC 细胞中的 IL-12的IC50值为 1 nM 和 2 nM。Apilimod 是高效的、选择性的PIKfyve 抑制剂。

(R)-Lisofylline ((R)-Lisophylline) 是溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶的抑制剂 (IC50 = 0.6 µM)。 (R)-Lisofylline 可中断 IL-12 信号介导的 STAT4 激活，可用于治疗 1 型糖尿病和自身免疫性疾病的研究。

2,6-Dichloro-N-(2-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)pyridin-4-yl)benzamide (GDC046) 是一种具有口服活性的选择性TYK2抑制剂，对 TYK2、JAK1、JAK2 和 JAK3 的Ki 分别为 4.8、0.7、0.7 和 0.4 nM。

NDI-034858 (TAK-279) 是一种酪氨酸激酶2(TYK2)抑制剂( Kd＜200 pM)，靶向 Tyk2的JH2结构域，可治疗IL12和IL23异常表达引起的自身免疫性疾病。

Caulophyllogenin 是一种部分 PPARγ 激动剂 (EC50 = 12.6 μM)，来源于 Kalopanax pictus (五加科) 的茎皮。 Caulophyllogenin 抑制促炎细胞因子分泌，可用于预防和治疗炎症性疾病、2 型糖尿病、肥胖和代谢综合征的研究。

Anti-Mouse IL-12p40 Antibody (C17.8) 是一种大鼠来源的IgG2a, κ抗小鼠IL-12p40抗体。

Anti-IL-12 p70 Antibody (20C2) 为来源于大鼠的IgG1, κ 嵌合抗体，专门针对IL-12p70(人源)。其同型对照抗体为 RatIgG1kappa, Isotype Control。

Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165) 是一种高选择性、口服生物可利用的变构 TYK2 抑制剂，用于治疗自身免疫性疾病。它通过稳定调节 JH2 结构域来阻断受体介导的 Tyk2 激活，可抑制IL-12 23和 I 型IFN 途径。它选择性结合 TYK2 假激酶 (JH2) 结构域，IC50为1.0 nM。

Isomucronulatol 7-O-beta-glucoside 具有潜在的抗炎活性，在体外对 LPS 刺激产生的 IL-12 p40 表现出微弱的抑制作用。

Dupilumab (REGN-668) 是一种用于AD 的全身免疫调节剂。Dupilumab 是一种针对白细胞介素-4受体α亚基的完全人类单克隆抗体，可抑制IL-4和IL-13下游信号传导，具有改善特应性皮炎的作用。

Resiniferatoxin ((+)-Resiniferatoxin)是一种超强效合成的 TRPV1 激动剂, 抑制 Th1 细胞因子的产生，并具有抗炎活性，可降低血清IL-12、INF-γ、IL-1β、TNF-α、NO和PGE的水平。

13-Methylberberine chloride 是一种黄连素类似物，可增加 IL-12 的产生，并在 LPS 激活的巨噬细胞转录后抑制 iNOS 的表达，具有抗脂肪和抗肿瘤作用。

Resolvin E1 is an effective endogenous pro-resolving mediator of inflammation. Resolvin E1 has unique counterregulatory actions that inhibit PMN transendothelial migration. Resolvin E1 also acts as an effective inhibitor of leukocyte infiltration, dendrit

ISM012-042 是一种具口服活性的 PHD1 和 PHD2 抑制剂，其 IC50 值分别为 1.9 和 2.5 nM。ISM012-042 (2.5 μM) 能够保护 Caco-2 细胞免受 DSS 诱导的屏障损伤。在脂多糖 (LPS) 诱导的小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞 (BMDC) 中，此化合物表现出抗炎活性，能够剂量依赖性地降低 IL-12亚基IL-12p35 及 TNF 的表达。在多种实验性结肠炎模型中，ISM012-042 有助于恢复肠道屏障功能并减少肠道炎症。此化合物适用于肠道黏膜修复及免疫疾病的研究。

APY0201 是PIKfyve 抑制剂，能够抑制 PtdIns3P 转化为PtdIns(3,5)P2 (IC50:5.2 nM)，还能够抑制IL-12 IL-23产生。

YS121 是微粒体前列腺素 E2 合酶-1 (mPGES-1;IC50=3.4 μM) 和 5-脂氧合酶 (5-LOX;IC50=6.5 μM) 的双重抑制剂。在 IL-1β 刺激的 A549 细胞中，YS121以剂量依赖性地方式减少 PGE2 的产生，EC50为 12 μM。

TG6-129 是有效的EP2受体选择性拮抗剂，可降低 butaprost 诱导的 P388D1 巨噬细胞中炎症因子的表达。

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

Gliovirin is a fungal metabolite that has been found inT. harzianumand has fungicidal, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.1It is active against the plant pathogenic fungusP. ultimum(MIC = 60 ng/ml) and the parasiteT. brucei brucei(IC50= 90 ng/ml), but has no effect on the plant pathogenic fungiR. solani,P. omnivorum,T. basicola,R. arrhizus, andV. dahliaeor the bacteriaB. thuringiensis,P. fluorescens, andX. malvacearumwhen used at concentrations up to 1,000 ng/ml.2,3Gliovirin decreases phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)- and ionomycin-induced increased expression of COX-2 (IC50= 1 μM) and protein levels of IL-2 in Jurkat cells (IC50= 5.2 μM).1 1.Rether, J., Serwe, A., Anke, T., et al.Inhibition of inducible tumor necrosis factor-α expression by the fungal epipolythiodiketopiperazine gliovirinBiol. Chem.388(6)627-637(2007) 2.Howell, C.R., and Stipanovic, R.D.Gliovirin, a new antibiotic from Gliocladium virens, and its role in the biological control of Pythium ultimumCan. J. Microbiol.29(3)321-324(1983) 3.Iwatsuki, M., Otoguro, K., Ishiyama, A., et al.In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of 12 low-molecular-weight antibiotics and observations of structure/activity relationshipsJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)63(10)619-622(2010)

C2 L-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. It stimulates cholesterol efflux in CHO cells expressing the human ABCA1 receptor when used at a concentration of 10 μM, however, this efflux is 50% less than that stimulated by C2 ceramide . C2 L-threo Ceramide inhibits IL-4 production by 17% in EL4 T cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when used at a concentration of 10 μM. It also induces cell cycle arrest in the G0 G1 phase and a 7-fold increase in sphingosine accumulation as well as inhibits growth of HL-60 leukemia cells.

C6 L-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides., C6 L-threo Ceramide is cytotoxic to U937 cells in vitro (IC50 = 18 μM). It is metabolically inactive and, unlike C6 L-erythro ceramide , C6 L-threo ceramide cannot be converted to C6 glucosylceramide by ceramide glucosyltransferase. C6 L-threo Ceramide enhances IL-4 production induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in EL4 T cells when used at a concentration of 10 μM.

Givinostat (ITF-2357) is a HDAC inhibitor with an IC50 of 198 and 157 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively. Givinostat (ITF2357) suppresses total LPS-induced IL-1β production robustly compared with the reduction by ITF3056. At 25, 50, and 100 nM, Givinostat reduced IL-1β secretion more than 70%. Givinostat (ITF-2357) suppresses the production of IL-6 in PBMCs stimulated with TLR agonists as well as the combination of IL-12 plus IL-18. IL-6 secretion decreases to 50% at 50 nM Givinostat, but at 100 and 200 nM, there is no reduction[1]. As shown by the CCK-8 assay, Givinostat (ITF-2357) inhibits JS-1 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with Givinostat ≥500 nM is associated with significant inhibition of JS-1 cell proliferation (P<0.01). Also, the cell inhibition rate significantly differs between the group cotreated with Givinostat ≥250 nM plus LPS and the group without LPS treatment (same Givinostat concentration) (P<0.05)[2]. Givinostat (ITF2357) at 10 mg kg is used as a positive control and, as expected, reduced serum TNFα by 60%. Strikingly, pretreatment of ITF3056 starting at 0.1 mg kg significantly reduces the circulating TNFα by nearly 90%. To achieve a significant increase in serum IL-1β production, a higher dose of LPS is injected (10 mg kg), and blood is collected after 4 h. Similarly, when pretreated with lower doses of Givinostat (ITF-2357) (1 or 5 mg kg), there is a 22% reduction for 1 mg kg and 40% for 5 mg kg[1]. [1]. Li S, et al. Specific inhibition of histone deacetylase 8 reduces gene expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2015 Jan 23;290(4):2368-78. [2]. Wang YG, et al. Givinostat inhibition of hepatic stellate cell proliferation and protein acetylation. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul 21;21(27):8326-39. [3]. Leoni F, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor ITF2357 reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and systemic inflammation in vivo. Mol Med. 2005 Jan-Dec;11(1-12):1-15.