2,5-Deoxyfructosazine is a pyrazine derivative that can be found in cured tobacco and is used as a flavoring agent in the food and tobacco industry. Pyrazines, including 2,5-deoxyfructosazine, can be produced either by pyrolytic decomposition of natural compounds or by the reaction of sugars with alcoholic ammonia. 2,5-Deoxyfructosazine is also formed by the breakdown of D-glucosamine at neutral pH. Like glucosamine, 2,5-deoxyfructosazine has DNA strand breakage activity and strongly inhibits IL-2 production by Jurkat cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (IC50 = ~1.25 mM).
AS1940477 is p38 MAPK inhibitor. AS1940477 inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant p38α and β isoforms but showed no effect against other 100 protein kinases including p38γ and δ isoforms. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, AS1940477 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or phytohemagglutinin A (PHA)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 at low concentrations (LPS TNFα, IC(50)=0.45n M; PHA TNFα, IC(50)=0.40 nM). In addition, equivalent concentrations of AS1940477 that inhibited cytokine production also inhibited TNFα- and IL-1 β-induced production of IL-6, PGE(2), and MMP-3 in human synovial stromal cells. AS1940477 was also found to potently inhibit TNF production in whole blood (IC(50)=12 nM) and effectively inhibited TNFα production induced by systemically administered LPS in rats at less than 0.1mg kg (ED(50)=0.053 mg kg) with an anti-inflammatory effect lasting for 20h after oral administration. Overall, this stu......