drinking

Halazone (Pantocid) 是一种非典型的磺酰胺衍生物，有抗菌活性。它也是碳酸酐酶 II 抑制剂，Kd 值为 1.45 µM。它广泛用于饮用水消毒，可保护钠通道免于灭活。

Sodium fluoride 是一种氟化的无机盐，可用作杀虫剂、供水、作木材防腐剂，并在清洗剂，制造玻璃及其他方面具有多种用途。

5-Bromocytidine 是一种核苷类化合物，是饮用水重点消毒副产物，可能会干涉核酸的合成。

CVT-10216 是可逆的、选择性的醛脱氢酶 2（ALDH-2）抑制剂，IC50为 29 nM。对 ALDH-1的抑制作用较弱，IC50为 1.3 μM。 它可以减少偏爱酒精的大鼠过量饮酒，并表现出抗焦虑作用。

RTI-122 是一种有效的GPR88激动剂，具备良好的代谢稳定性（小鼠中的半衰期为 5.8 小时）和较高的cAMPEC50（11 nM），能够穿透血脑屏障。此化合物主要用于研究与过度饮酒相关的行为。

Amitifadine(DOV-21947, EB-1010) is an inhibitor of the so-called triple reuptake or serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) and is an antidepressant drug candidate. Amitifadine reduces binge drinking and negative affect in an animal m

胆碱是一种必需营养素，对肝脏、神经、血液和骨骼肌的稳态起重要作用。它是膜磷脂如卵磷脂合成的前体，有助于细胞信号传导和跨膜运输，也是神经递质乙酰胆碱的前体。胆碱在肝脏脂质运输中必不可少。围产期给予胆碱(18.8 mg/kg)可改善酒精暴露对大鼠认知的影响。胆碱(13 mg/animal per day)改进了Rett综合征小鼠模型的运动协调和行为缺陷，并且在饮用水中以5 ppm浓度给予时，改善了铁缺乏引起的识别记忆问题。胆碱摄入不足与肌肉消耗呈正相关，在饮食中添加胆碱(1,000 mg/kg)可增加肉鸡腿部和胸部肌肉蛋白含量。

Cylindrospermopsin, a tricyclic uracil derivative, is a cyanobacterial toxin that was first discovered in an algal bloom contaminating a local drinking supply on Palm Island in Queensland, Australia after an outbreak of a mysterious disease. Cylindrospermopsin targets protein and glutathione synthesis in hepatocytes (IC50s = 1.3 and 2.4 µM, respectively), leading to cell death. [1] It has been shown to inhibit the activity of the uridine monophosphate synthase complex with a Ki value of 10 µM.[2] Cylindrospermopsin is genotoxic, inducing DNA damage as evidenced by double strand breaks and reducing cell viability in HepG2 cells at 0.1-0.5 µg/ml.[3]

The cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena often contaminates the drinking water of rural communities in developing countries and accumulates in mussels, flounder, and cod from the northern Baltic Sea. Nodularin is a hepatotoxic monocylic pentapeptide produced by the N. spumigena. It is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase types 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), exhibiting IC50 values of 1.8 and 0.026 nM, respectively. PP2B is inhibited to a lesser extent with an IC50 of 1.8 μM. No apparent inhibitory effect is observed with PP2C, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, protein kinase A, phosphorylase kinase, or protein kinase C.

T-5342126 is a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist.1It reduces LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells (IC50= 27.8 μM), as well as decreases LPS-induced IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 production in isolated human whole blood (IC50s = 110.5, 315.6, and 318.4 μM, respectively). T-5342126 (82 mg/kg) reduces ethanol intake and the abundance of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), a marker of microglial activation, in the central nucleus of the amygdala in ethanol-dependent mice.2 1.Chavez, S.A., Martinko, A.J., Lau, C., et al.Development of β-amino alcohol derivatives that inhibit toll-like receptor 4 mediated inflammatory response as potential antisepticsJ. Med. Chem.54(13)4659-4669(2011) 2.Bajo, M., Montgomery, S.E., Cates, L.N., et al.Evaluation of TLR4 inhibitor, T5342126, in modulation of ethanol-drinking behavior in alcohol-dependent miceAlcohol Alcohol.51(5)541-548(2016)

N-Nitroso-N-methyl-4-Aminobutyric Acid是一种亚硝胺类化合物，广泛应用于生物化学实验和药物合成研究。

Betamethasone 21-phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid.1It prevents increases in macrophage and eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreases in blood leukocyte numbers in a guinea pig model of parainfluenza-3 viral infection when administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg but does not prevent airway hyperresponsiveness after infection.2Betamethasone 21-phosphate inhibits cell infiltration into the aqueous humor in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis when administered topically or subcutaneously at doses of 0.01-1% or 1 mg/kg, respectively.3It increases maximal lung pressure volume curves in fetal sheep when administered to pregnant ewes at 0.75 gestation at doses of 80 and 170 μg/kg.1Betamethasone 21-phosphate increases body weight, impairs learning and memory, increases anxiolytic behavior, and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in CD-1 mice but reduces body weight and increases neurogenesis with no effect on anxiety in high-anxiety DBA/2 mice when administered at a dose of approximately 25 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for seven weeks.4Formulations containing betamethasone 12-phosphate and betamethasone acetate have been used in the treatment of severe allergic conditions and a variety of immune-related conditions. 1.Loehle, M., Schwab, M., Kadner, S., et al.Dose-response effects of betamethasone on maturation of the fetal sheep lungAm. J. Obstet. Gynecol.202(2)186.e181-186.e187(2010) 2.Leusink-Muis, A., Ten Broeke, R., Folkerts, G., et al.Betamethasone prevents virus-induced airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigsClin. Exp. Allergy29(Suppl. 2)82-85(1999) 3.Tsuji, F., Sawa, K., Kato, M., et al.The effects of betamethasone derivatives on endotoxin-induced uveitis in ratExp. Eye Res.64(1)31-36(1997) 4.Aiello, R., Crupi, R., Leo, A., et al.Long-term betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium treatment has distinct effects in CD1 and DBA/2 mice on animal behavior accompanied by opposite effects on neurogenesisBehav. Brain Res.278155-166(2015)

Dibromochloronitromethane is a member of the class of Halonitromethanes, which has been recently identified as a group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Bromochloronitromethane is a member of Halonitromethanes, a newly discovered group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

1-Bromo-1,1-dichloroacetone, classified as a chlorine dioxide disinfection byproduct (DBP), is present in drinking water.

(Z)-2-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butenedioic acid is a brominated haloacid that acts as a disinfection byproduct (DBP) in finished drinking waters.

Dibromoacetaldehyde, a halogenated byproduct found in drinking water, exhibits genotoxicity.

Bromodichloroacetaldehyde belongs to the class of Haloacetaldehydes, which are classified as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Tribromonitromethane is a member of the class of Halonitromethanes, a newly identified group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Diiodoacetamide, an iodo-haloacetamide compound, emerges as a disinfection by-product (DBP) within drinking water.

2,2-Dibromoacetamide is a class of disinfection by-product (DBP) in drinking water.

(E)-2,3-Dibromo-2-butenedioic acid is a brominated haloacid that belongs to the category of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs).

Dibromochloroacetaldehyde, a trihalogenated acetaldehyde compound, is present as a byproduct in drinking water. It exhibits genotoxic properties.

Bromoiodoacetic acid is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) found in finished drinking waters, belonging to the iodinated haloacids.