β-defensin-2

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

Human β-defensin-2 (HβD-2) is a cationic skin-antimicrobial peptide (SAP) characterized by its small size and rich cysteine content. It is produced by various epithelial cells and exhibits potent antimicrobial properties against gram-negative bacteria and Candida. However, it does not effectively target gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Given these characteristics, Human β-defensin-2 serves as a valuable tool in colitis research.

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

Nonanoic acid-D17是Nonanoic acid (T3947)的氘代形式。Nonanoic acid是一种天然存在的、含有九个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸。它显著减少细菌易位、增强抗菌活性，同时大幅度增加猪 β-防御素 1 (pBD-1)和 pBD-2 的分泌。

Nonanoic acid-D2是Nonanoic acid (T3947)的氘代物。Nonanoic acid是一种天然存在的九碳饱和脂肪酸。它能显著减少细菌易位，提高抗菌活性，并显著增加猪 β-防御素 1 (pBD-1)和 pBD-2 的分泌。

Nonanoic acid-D4是Nonanoic acid (T3947)的氘代物。Nonanoic acid是一种天然存在的九碳饱和脂肪酸。Nonanoic acid显著减少细菌易位，增强抗菌活性，并显著增加猪β-防御素1 (pBD-1)和pBD-2的分泌。

Nonanoic acid-D3是Nonanoic acid的氘代物。Nonanoic acid是一种含有九个碳原子的天然饱和脂肪酸，可显著减少细菌易位，增强抗菌活性，并显著增加猪β-防御素1 (pBD-1)和pBD-2的分泌。

Nonanoic Acid-D17 (Standard) 是 Nonanoic Acid-D17 的标准品，适用于定量分析、质量控制及生化实验等相关研究。Nonanoic acid-d17 是 Nonanoic acid 的氘代形式。Nonanoic acid 是一种天然存在的、含有九个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸。它显著减少细菌易位、增强抗菌活性，同时大幅度增加猪 β-防御素 1 (pBD-1) 和 pBD-2 的分泌。

Nonanoic Acid-D3 (Standard) 是 Nonanoic Acid-D3 的标准品，适用于定量分析、质量控制及生化实验等相关研究。Nonanoic acid-d3是Nonanoic acid的氘代物。Nonanoic acid是一种含有九个碳原子的天然饱和脂肪酸，可显著减少细菌易位，增强抗菌活性，并显著增加猪β-防御素1 (pBD-1)和pBD-2的分泌。

Nonanoic Acid-D4 (Standard) 是 Nonanoic Acid-D4 的标准品，适用于定量分析、质量控制及生化实验等相关研究。Nonanoic acid-d4是Nonanoic acid的氘代物。Nonanoic acid是一种天然存在的九碳饱和脂肪酸。Nonanoic acid显著减少细菌易位，增强抗菌活性，并显著增加猪β-防御素1 (pBD-1)和pBD-2的分泌。