β-carotene

β-Carotene (Provitamin A) 是一种天然存在的视黄醇（维生素 A）前体。它是一种 ROS 调节剂，具有抗氧化和抗炎活性。它可作为抗氧化剂或者促氧化剂，可诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡，具有抗癌活性。

β-Cyclocitral 是 β-胡萝卜素的挥发性氧化衍生物，是微囊藻特有的掠食性动物防御信号。它是一种强大的驱虫剂。它是主要的挥发性萜类化合物之一，可以上调防御基因的表达，从而增强过量光照 (EL) 的适应性。

9-cis-β-Carotene, a precursor of retinal, is cleaved by beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCMO1) to produce 9-cis-retinal. It inhibits photoreceptor degeneration and restores retinal function in vivo.

β-Carotene-13C10 (Provitamin A-13C10) 是一种13C 标记的β-Carotene，属于类胡萝卜素，是维生素 A 的天然前体。作为一种 ROS 调节剂，β-Carotene 具备抗氧化和抗炎特性，其抗氧化或促氧化功能取决于自身特性及其所处生物环境的氧化还原电位。此外，β-Carotene 能诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)，展现出抗癌特性。

β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide 是一种具有诱导凋亡和抗肿瘤特性的XIAP拮抗剂，并可从Spondias mombin叶中提取。在DMBA诱导的乳腺癌大鼠模型中，该化合物通过结合抑制凋亡蛋白XIAP的BIR3结构域，阻止其与caspase-9的相互作用，从而诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡。此外，β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide 能显著抑制肿瘤组织中BCL-2、COX-2和TNF-α的表达，减少MDA含量，提高catalase活性，并调节血清中LDH、ALP、ALT等生化指标，展现出强效的抗氧化、抗炎及代谢保护功能。此化合物适用于炎症相关疾病及乳腺癌等肿瘤疾病的研究。

γ-Carotene 是天然色素，属于类胡萝卜素，主要存在于某些植物中。

Astaxanthin (trans-Astaxanthin) 是可从雨生红球藻等多种海洋生物中提取得到的红色类胡萝卜素，是过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ 的调节剂，具有抗增殖、神经保护作用和抗炎活性。它是一种抗氧化剂，有用于癌症和心血管疾病的研究潜力，作为颜色添加剂用于动物食品中。

Lycopene (ψ,ψ-Carotene) 是一种番茄及其产品和其他红色水果和蔬菜中天然存在的类胡萝卜素，具有抗氧化活性。

α-Carotene is isolated from yellow-orange and dark-green vegetables. α-Carotene is used as an anti-metastatic agent or as an adjuvant for anti-cancer drugs.

ε-Carotene 一种在生化反应中使用的试剂。

Ketoisophorone (2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione) 是工业上重要的环状内酯，是合成类胡萝卜素和调味剂的关键中间体。

Dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide(DHβE) is a potent, oral active and competitive antagonist of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Dihydro-β-carotene hydrobromide showed selectivity to α4β4 and α4β2nAChR, with IC50 of 0.19 and 0.37 μM,

9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid is an isomer of linoleic acid that has been found in beef and milk fat.1It binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα; IC50= 140 nM) and activates the receptor in a reporter assay using COS-1 cells expressing mouse PPARα when used at a concentration of 100 μM.29(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits TNF-α-inducedGLUT4expression and increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.3Dietary administration of 9(Z)11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid reduces serum fasting glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels and decreases white adipose tissue macrophage infiltration inob/obmice. It also increases body weight gain and body fat in weanling mice.4[Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1278] 1.Shultz, T.D., Chew, B.P., Seaman, W.R., et al.Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and β-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cellsCancer Lett.63(2)125-133(1992) 2.Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Heuvel, J.P.V., Blanchard, S.G., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARαJ. Lipid Res.40(8)1426-1433(1999) 3.Moloney, F., Toomey, S., Noone, E., et al.Antidiabetic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid may be mediated via anti-inflammatory effects in white adipose tissueDiabetes56(3)574-582(2007) 4.Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E.The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acidProg. Lipid Res.40(4)283-298(2001)

Carotenoid mixture is a mixture of carotenoids that contains the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory carotenoid capsanthin and the antioxidative vitamin A precursor β-carotene , as well as additional carotenoids and carotenoid esters.1,2,3,4 1.Kim, J.S., Lee, W.M., Rhee, H.C., et al.Red paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) and its main carotenoids, capsanthin and β-carotene, prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communicationChem. Biol. Interact.254146-155(2016) 2.Narisawa, T., Fukaura, Y., Hasebe, M., et al.Prevention of N-methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by oxygenated carotenoid capsanthin and capsanthin-rich paprika juiceProc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.224(2)116-122(2000) 3.Horie, S., Okuda, C., T., Y., et al.Purified canola lutein selectively inhibits specific isoforms of mammalian DNA polymerases and reduces inflammatory responseLipids45(8)713-721(2010) 4.Negishi, H., Ueda, Y., and Azuma, M.Antioxidant fat-soluble vitamins and lipid peroxides in serumJ. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.26227-234(1999)