Squalamine lactate has a more general effect on the cell signaling cascade, which is common to VEGF and other growth factors[1]. Squalamine blocks the action of VEGF and integrin expression, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis, when bound to calmodulin[2].

When administered intravitreally and therefore requires intravenous dosing, Squalamine is ineffective . However, systemic dosing has yielded promising results in rats as well as humans[2].