CC-401 is a second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor of all three forms of JNK. It is selective against JNK over other kinases such as p38, ERK, IKK2, and ZAP70. CC-401 potently inhibits JNK in cell-based assay with a concentration of 1 to 5μM. The activation of JNK signaling is identified in many immune-mediated kidney disease models. Thus, as the JNK inhibitor, CC-401 is found to be effective in these renal injury models. In the acute anti-GBM disease, CC-401 inhibits JNK activation and causes a 50%-70% reduction of proteinuria. In addition, CC-401 is also used in liver injury models [1][2][3].