Chloranil exhibits notable bioactivity across a variety of biological targets and pathogens. It functions as an inhibitor of several esterases and cholinesterases, with inhibition constants (Ki) of 57.4 nM, 83.9 nM, and 54.8 nM against human intestinal carboxylesterase 2, human liver carboxylesterase 1, and rabbit liver carboxylesterase, respectively. It also inhibits human Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase with Ki values of 163.0 nM and 268.0 nM. Additionally, Chloranil shows antiparasitic activity against Trichomonas vaginalis strains T1 and G3 with 12.0% and 40.0% inhibition at 100 µM, respectively.
The compound demonstrates cytotoxicity against cancer cells and inhibition of cellular functions such as DNA helicase, hormone receptors, and kinase signaling pathways. It exhibits toxicity against Trichoplusia ni larvae with a 10.0% mortality rate at 10 µg/ml and a feeding deterrence effect of 35.8% at 50 µg/cm². In cellular transport assays, Chloranil inhibits the uptake of sodium fluorescein in OATP1B3- and OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells by 74.83% and 80.53%, respectively.
Remarkably, Chloranil has antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 of 22400.0 nM and a selectivity index greater than 4.4 against human MRC5 cells. It strongly inhibits the refolding activity of GroEL/GroES proteins in Escherichia coli, resulting in a 92.0% reduction in enzyme activity in both rhodanese and soluble pig heart MDH assays.
In addition to its enzymatic inhibition properties, Chloranil exhibits significant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. It inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro protease with an IC50 of less than 20.0 nM, achieving 102.77% inhibition at 20 µM. Moreover, it reduces SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity in VERO-6 cells, though its IC50 values in this context are greater than 20000.0 nM. Notably, the compound also shows inhibition in FRET-based protease assays with an IC50 of less than 0.02 µM.
Overall, Chloranil is a versatile bioactive molecule with potential applications in combating diseases caused by different pathogens, including parasites and viruses, as well as being useful in enzymatic inhibition and cytotoxicity assays..
Note: Summary generated by AI. Data source: ChEMBL 