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Dihydrolipoic acid (USAF XR-12) 是高效的抗氧化剂，对所有以氧为中心的自由基都有很强的清除能力。它在多种疾病中表现出抗炎特性。在 LPS 诱导的疾病行为大鼠中，它通过 ERK Nrf2 HO-1 ROS NLRP3 通路发挥预防作用。它还可以可用于抑郁症的研究。

DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) 是一种稳定的氮中心的自由基，可用于测量抗氧化剂的自由基清除活性。DPPH 具有单一电子，故能接受一个电子或氢离子，在波长为 517 nm 下具有最大吸收。

DMPO (5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) 是一种亲水自旋诱捕剂，具有细胞渗透性。DMPO 可用于超氧化物检测，可检测超氧阴离子和羟自由基。

MitoPBN is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. It accumulates in the mitochondria following the generation of a mitochondrial membrane potential by succinate, an effect that is blocked by addition of the mitochondrial membrane potential uncoupler FCCP . MitoPBN inhibits superoxide activation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), UCP2, and UCP3 when used at a concentration of 250 nM in vitro but does not react with superoxide. It traps hydroxyl (IC50 = ~77 μM) and carbon-centered radicals and inhibits the initiation of lipid peroxidation in isolated bovine heart mitochondria.

DEPMPO is a nitrone that is used to spin trap reactive O-, N-, S-, and C-centered radicals and allow their characterization when used in association with electron spin resonance. It is noted for the stability of adducts formed. DEPMPO can be used in vitro or in vivo, as it crosses lipid bilayer membranes and is a good trapping agent in biological systems. DEPMPO-biotin is a biotinylated form of DEPMPO which retains the outstanding persistency of its adducts. The biotin moiety offers an effective means for monitoring biodistribution in cells, tissues, and organs when used with an avidin-conjugated reporter. Importantly, DEPMPO-biotin binds free radicals, such as S-nitroso groups, on proteins, producing adducts that can be analyzed via the biotin tag. This direct labeling of S-nitrosothiols (SNO) thus serves as an effective alternative to the more cumbersome biotin-switch method for monitoring SNO formation.

PAA5为以甲基化物碳中心的多核Au(I)簇，能释放Au(I)促进氧化反应，加速铁死亡，并以时间依赖性方式提高pH2AX表达，表现出抗癌活性。

PAA4为含中心甲基化物碳的多核Au(I)簇，具有抗增殖活性。PAA4能时间依赖性地提升pH2AX表达，并在原位膀胱癌小鼠模型中展现抗肿瘤效果。