b a chain

Tetrahydroechinocandin B is a cyclic hexapeptide containing a fatty acyl side chain. It also inhibits 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthesis.

Bim-BLK-A efficiently blocks Bim-induced apoptosis after Bax is activated on the mitochondria. The cellular target of Bim-BLK-A was identified to be the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) protein of complex II of the mitochondrial electron transfer

Pulchellin is a type-2 Ribosome Inactivating Protein (RIP), whose action mechanism proposed would be initiate by B-chain binding on glycoconjugate onto the cell surface (lectinic chain). pulchellin isoforms toxicity is the interaction between B-chain lect

Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP. In its reduced form, it acts as an antioxidant. Coenzyme Q2 is a precursor of coenzyme Q10 that has 2, rather than 10, isoprenoid units on the ubiquinone base. It can act as an electron acceptor for bacterial Complex I. In mammalian cells, exogenous coenzyme Q2 prevents the production of reactive oxygen species associated with Complex I activity. Forms of coenzyme Q with shorter isoprenoid chains, including coenzyme Q2, induce p53-dependent apoptosis in human B-cell acute lymphoblastoid leukemia BALL-1 cells.

Fluphenazine is a traditional antipsychotic compound that tightly binds the dopamine D2 receptor (Ki = 0.55 nM) and also reversibly inhibits calmodulin at micromolar concentrations. Fluphenazine-N-2-chloroethane is a derivative of fluphenazine that contains an alkylating chlorethylamine chain, which produces irreversible protein binding. It is a relatively selective, irreversible antagonist of D2 receptors both in vitro (IC50 = 100 nM) and in vivo, inactivating approximately 90% of D2 receptors in mice within 4 hours of treatment. Through this action, fluphenazine-B-2-chloroethane can be used to induce catalepsy in mice. It irreversibly inhibits calmodulin at higher doses (IC50 = 10 μM), which can sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.

Antimycin A2是抗生素复合物Antimycin A的主要成分和生物活性部分，通过抑制线粒体电子传递链中细胞色素b的再氧化来强效抑制细胞呼吸，从而对多种真菌和特定昆虫产生抑制活性。

Antimycin A4 is an active component of the antimycin A antibiotic complex that is more polar than antimycin A1 , antimycin A2 , and antimycin A3 . Antimycin A4 inhibits ATP-citrate lyase with a Ki value of 64.8 μM. The antimycin A complex is a mixture of antimycins A1, A2, A3, and A4 that demonstrates antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and piscicidal properties. It blocks mitochondrial respiration and can deplete cellular levels of ATP via inhibition of complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Antimycin A prevents the transfer of electrons between the b-cytochromes and ubiquinone at the Q(inner) site of complex III. This results in the stabilization of the ubisemiquinone radical at the Q(outer) site of complex III, leading to increased production of superoxide. Antimycin A is widely used in research to shunt electron flow through the ETC to study the chemical details of oxygen respiration. Additionally, antimycin A has been shown to inhibit Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins, inducing apoptosis.

Ganglioside GM2 asialo (asialo- GM2) is a glycosphingolipid containing three monosaccharide residues and a fatty acid of variable chain length but lacking the sialic acid residue present on ganglioside M2. Asialo-GM2 levels are low-to-undetectable in normal human brain, but it accumulates in the brain of patients with Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease, which are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by deficiency of lysosomal β-hexosaminidase A and B, respectively. It also binds to various bacteria, including Pseudomonas isolates derived from cystic fibrosis patients. Asialo-GM2 mixture contains ganglioside GM2 asialo molecular species with fatty acyl chains of variable lengths.

Ribavirin-13C5is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of ribavirin by GC- or LC-MS. Ribavirin is an antiviral guanosine nucleoside analog.1,2Upon entry into cells, ribavirin is metabolized to an active triphosphate form that induces viral RNA chain termination and inhibits viral polymerases. It reduces replication in a panel of seven RNA and four DNA viruses in Vero cells (EC50s = 2-95 μg/ml).3Ribavirin also reduces replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Vero cells (EC50= 109.5 μM).4Aerosol administration of ribavirin (30 mg/kg) reduces mortality in a mouse model of influenza A infection.5Formulations containing ribavirin have been used in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and viral hemorrhagic fevers. 1.Gilbert, B.E., and Knight, V.Biochemistry and clinical applications of ribavirinAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.30(2)201-205(1986) 2.Gordon, C.J., Tchesnokov, E.P., Woolner, E., et al.Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potencyJ. Biol. Chem.295(20)6785-6797(2020) 3.Kirsi, J.J., North, J.A., McKernan, P.A., et al.Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 2-β-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide, a new antiviral agentAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.24(3)353-361(1983) 4.Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., et al.Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitroCell Res.30(3)269-271(2020) 5.Wilson, S.Z., Knight, V., Wyde, P.R., et al.Amantadine and ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza A and B infection in miceAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.17(4)642-648(1980)

Clevudine (Levovir) 是一种非自然 L-构型的核苷类似物，是一种与聚合酶结合的非竞争性抑制剂，具有较强的抗 HBV 活性，半衰期长，毒性低的特点。

MS 347a is a myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor; an epoxide analog of sydowinin B (MS-347b).

Hepatitis b virus pre-s region (120-145) 是一种 preS2 肽，可抑制单链 Fv 片段 (scFv) 或IgG 与 r-HBsAg 的结合。

Otlertuzumab (TRU-016) 是一种人源化单克隆抗体，特异性靶向在B细胞表面高表达的CD37抗原。这一靶向使Otlertuzumab 成为针对多种复发或难治性B细胞恶性肿瘤的研究化合物，包括滤泡性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（FL）、套细胞淋巴瘤（MCL）和华氏巨球蛋白血症（WM）。

LNDFH I是一种连接子，它能够将含Lewis b糖链的寡糖有效结合形成水不溶性多糖。

8(Z)-Eicosenoic acid, a cis-unsaturated free fatty acid featuring a 20-carbon chain, enhances acetylcholine (ACh) receptor channel currents without causing depression and augments PCKε phosphorylation of a substrate peptide in Xenopus oocytes. This acid comprises 6% of the fatty acid composition in seed oil extracted from B. collina.

ELOVL6-IN-5（compound B）是针对ELOVL6的抑制剂，后者为长链脂肪酸家族6的延长酶，负责饱和及单不饱和长链脂肪酸的延长，并且是糖尿病治疗中的有效靶点。此化合物能在饮食诱导肥胖（DIO）的小鼠模型中有效降低肝脏脂肪酸水平，尽管如此，通过ELOVL6-IN-5引起的ELOVL6抑制并未改善胰岛素抵抗问题。

TNF-α-IN-18是一种肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α) 的抑制剂，其 IC50 为 1.8µM。TNF-α-IN-18有效阻断核因子 κB (NF-κB) 的核转位，从而抑制下游 TNF 信号通路。在小鼠成纤维 LM 细胞中表现出最小细胞毒性 (CC50 大于 50 µM)。研究证实 TNF-α-IN-18 能缓解小鼠模型中 TNF 或脂多糖诱导的脓毒症，并对类风湿关节炎的发展提供显著保护作用。

Isuventatug 是靶向人MICA(MHC I类链相关分子A)和MICB(MHC I类链相关分子B)的单克隆抗体。通过结合MICA和MICB，Isuventatug 调节免疫细胞与肿瘤细胞之间的相互作用，展现抗肿瘤活性，并有潜力用于癌症免疫治疗的研究。

Nocarnickelamides B (Compound 2) 是一种线性肽类ROCK1 2抑制剂，对ROCK1和ROCK2的IC50值分别为14.9 μM和21.9 μM。其通过结合于ATP结合位点发挥作用，抑制ROCK调控的细胞骨架收缩标志物（如肌球蛋白轻链的激活）。Nocarnickelamides B 在青光眼研究中具备应用潜力。

InsB (9-23) is an insulin B-chain peptide that binds to a class II histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele called I-Ag7.

Human proinsulin, the single-chain peptide precursor of insulin, consists of the insulin A and B chains connected by the 31 amino acid C-peptide. Cleavage of proinsulin by proteolytic enzymes produces insulin and free C-peptide.

[Glu1]-Fibrinopeptide B, a derivative of fibrinopeptide B amino acid residues 1-14, originates from human fibrinopeptide B (hFpB). hFpB is a proteolytic cleavage product of the fibrinogen B beta-chain, specifically generated by thrombin, which plays a significant role in activating neutrophils (PMN), monocytes, and fibroblasts.

Immunoglobulin light chain variable region fragment [Homo sapiens] [Mus musculus] is a fragment on the variable region of the human and mouse immunoglobulin light chain. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cells. An Ig molecule

Immunoglobulin M heavy chain (IGHM) fragment [Homo sapiens] is a fragment (Gly-Val-Ala-Leu-His-Arg-Pro-Asp-Val-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Pro-Pro-Ala-Arg) on the human immunoglobulin micro heavy chain. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cell