Gliotoxin

Gliotoxin 是一种次生代谢产物，由A. fumigatus 分泌，可以抑制巨噬细胞的吞噬作用和其他免疫细胞的免疫功能。它通过阻止 IκB 降解来抑制诱导型NF-κB 活性，从而诱导宿主细胞凋亡。它可以激活PKA 并增加细胞内 cAMP 浓度，调节肌动蛋白细胞骨架重排以促进A. fumigatus 内化到肺上皮细胞。

Gliotoxin-13C13is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliotoxin by GC- or LC-MS. Gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive mycotoxin produced by pathogenic strains ofAspergillusand other fungi with diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8It inhibits 20S proteasomal chymotrypsin activity (IC50= 10 μM), blocking the degradation of IκBα and preventing the activation of NF-κB.2,3Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in monocytes and dendritic cells and reduces phagocytosis by neutrophils.4,5It suppresses viral infection by Nipah and Hendra virus in HEK293T cells (IC50s = 149 and 579 nM, respectively).6Under reducing conditions, gliotoxin inhibits leukotriene A4hydrolase epoxide hydrolase activity, but not aminopeptidase activity, and leukotriene B4synthesis in neutrophils and monocytes.7

Bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin is a platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist.

Gliotoxin monoacetate is a toxin found in Aspergillus. It induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cells and chondrosarcoma cells, suppresses the adaptive immune response in leukocytes, and inhibits the proteasome in Plasmodium falciparum.

Makaluvamine A comes from the fruiting bodies of Didymium bahiense that act as active anti-cancer agents and DNA topo II inhibitors.