Cefadroxil exhibits diverse pharmacological activities and has been extensively studied for its bioactivity. It shows significant binding affinity against various membrane transport proteins, including PEPT1 and PEPT2, with Ki values of 7,200,000 nM and 3,000 nM, respectively. It also impacts human MRP2-mediated estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide transport, showing 68.0% activity relative to control, and demonstrates moderate inhibitory activity in OAT3 transport with IC50 and Ki values of 1,780,000 nM and 8,620 nM, respectively.
Pharmacokinetically, Cefadroxil has a total body clearance of 2.5 mL/min/kg and renal clearance of 2.33 mL/min/kg, indicating efficient clearance from both the body and kidneys. It has a low volume of distribution at steady state (0.23 L/kg) and moderate plasma protein binding (fraction unbound of 0.39). The compound has a half-life of 1.1 hours, a mean residence time of 1.5 hours, and demonstrates high oral bioavailability with a low human intestinal absorption rate of 1.0%.
In terms of antiviral activity, Cefadroxil inhibits SARS-CoV-2-induced cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells by 31.91% at 10 µM after 48 hours. However, its efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro protease was limited, showing only 14.01% inhibition at 20 µM. Additionally, it exhibits moderate hepatotoxicity, elevating serum liver enzymes, and has a Hepatic Side Effect score of 1.0, indicating a potential for hepatic failure.
Cefadroxil also demonstrated inhibitory effects on various transporters, with significant inhibition percentages seen in OATP2B1, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3 assays. However, it showed negligible inhibitory effects on the uptake of substrates in some transport assays, indicating transporter specificity. The compound's LogD7.4 value of -0.86 suggests low lipid affinity, and its intrinsic clearance rate in rat hepatocytes is less than 3.0 uL/min/million cells, indicating a low metabolic clearance rate.
Overall, Cefadroxil exhibits complex bioactivity with specific affinity toward transporters and receptors, moderate clearance characteristics, potential hepatotoxicity, and some antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2..
Note: Summary generated by AI. Data source: ChEMBL 