toxin1

Gliotoxin-13C13is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliotoxin by GC- or LC-MS. Gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive mycotoxin produced by pathogenic strains ofAspergillusand other fungi with diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8It inhibits 20S proteasomal chymotrypsin activity (IC50= 10 μM), blocking the degradation of IκBα and preventing the activation of NF-κB.2,3Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in monocytes and dendritic cells and reduces phagocytosis by neutrophils.4,5It suppresses viral infection by Nipah and Hendra virus in HEK293T cells (IC50s = 149 and 579 nM, respectively).6Under reducing conditions, gliotoxin inhibits leukotriene A4hydrolase epoxide hydrolase activity, but not aminopeptidase activity, and leukotriene B4synthesis in neutrophils and monocytes.7

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

Purotoxin 1 可从狼蛛的毒液中分离出来，是一种 P2X3 受体抑制剂，在炎性疼痛动物模型中显示出抗伤害活性。

Kaliotoxin (1-37) 是一种来自蝎子 Artdroctonus mauretanicus 的毒素。Kaliotoxin (1-37) 是一种有效的钙依赖性钾离子通道阻滞剂。

Phrixotoxin 1，狼蛛Phrixotrichus auratus毒液中的成分，它作为Kv4 (potassium channel) 的特异性肽类抑制剂。

Hongotoxin-1为从蝎子Centruroideslimbatus的毒液提取的化合物，作为钾通道（potassium channel）抑制剂，针对Kv1.1、Kv1.2、Kv1.3及Kv1.6的IC50值分别为31 pM、170 pM、86 pM和6000 pM。

Stromatoxin 1是从狼蛛中分离出的肽类钾通道抑制剂，特异性地抑制K(V)2.1、K(V)2.2、K(V)4.2和K(V)2.1 9.3通道。其中，K(V)2.1和K(V)2.2通道亚基对大鼠肌源性和神经源性膀胱平滑肌(UBSM)的收缩起关键调控作用，然而K(V)4.2则不参与此作用。

Phlotoxin-1 (PhlTx1)是一种由34个氨基酸构成并含有3个二硫键的多肽。该化合物可从Phlogiellus属蜘蛛中提取，并作为一种抗伤害试剂，通过抑制NaV1.7通道发挥作用。

Heteropodatoxin-1 (HpTx1)为蜘蛛肽毒素，主要作用为Kv4.2电流的抑制剂，同时能够抑制Nav1.7和激活Nav1.9, 但对Nav1.8无影响。

Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTx1)为电压门控钠通道亚型的抑制剂，特别是对Nav1.1 β1、Nav1.2 β1、Nav1.4 β1和Nav1.5 β1具有不同程度的抑制效果，其IC50值分别为523 nM、3 nM、888 nM和323 nM。此外，Ceratotoxin-1对Nav1.8 β1亦有抑制作用。

MmTx1毒素是一种调节变构性GABAA受体活性的化合物，它能够提升GABAA受体对激动剂的反应性。

Pterinotoxin-1是一种肽类毒素，具有抑制(sodium channel)的活性。

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78)为T细胞增殖激活剂，以剂量依赖性方式增强人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)的体外增殖，适用于癌症与炎症免疫研究。

Latartoxin-1a (LtTx-1a) 是从L. tarabaevi中分离的肽毒素，对昆虫具备麻痹及致死效果，并显示膜结合活性。

Ergtoxin-1为钾离子通道阻断剂，源于墨西哥毒蝎Centruroides noxius的毒液。该化合物具有阻断神经、心脏及内分泌细胞ERG-K+通道的功能。

Dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX 1, 35-methylokadaic acid) 为腹泻性贝类中毒病原体，并表现出促进肿瘤活性，同时亦作为一种皮肤刺激物。

Psalmotoxin 1 is a potent and selective acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) blocker.

Guangxitoxin 1E acts as a gating modifier since it shifts the voltage-dependence of Kv2.1 K+ currents towards depolarized potentials.