toxin1

Gliotoxin-13C13is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliotoxin by GC- or LC-MS. Gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive mycotoxin produced by pathogenic strains ofAspergillusand other fungi with diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8It inhibits 20S proteasomal chymotrypsin activity (IC50= 10 μM), blocking the degradation of IκBα and preventing the activation of NF-κB.2,3Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in monocytes and dendritic cells and reduces phagocytosis by neutrophils.4,5It suppresses viral infection by Nipah and Hendra virus in HEK293T cells (IC50s = 149 and 579 nM, respectively).6Under reducing conditions, gliotoxin inhibits leukotriene A4hydrolase epoxide hydrolase activity, but not aminopeptidase activity, and leukotriene B4synthesis in neutrophils and monocytes.7

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng/ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng/ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS/MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

Purotoxin 1 可从狼蛛的毒液中分离出来，是一种 P2X3 受体抑制剂，在炎性疼痛动物模型中显示出抗伤害活性。

Kaliotoxin (1-37) 是一种来自蝎子 Artdroctonus mauretanicus 的毒素。Kaliotoxin (1-37) 是一种有效的钙依赖性钾离子通道阻滞剂。

Phrixotoxin 1，狼蛛Phrixotrichus auratus毒液中的成分，它作为Kv4 (potassium channel) 的特异性肽类抑制剂。

Hongotoxin-1为从蝎子Centruroideslimbatus的毒液提取的化合物，作为钾通道（potassium channel）抑制剂，针对Kv1.1、Kv1.2、Kv1.3及Kv1.6的IC50值分别为31 pM、170 pM、86 pM和6000 pM。

Stromatoxin 1是从狼蛛中分离出的肽类钾通道抑制剂，特异性地抑制K(V)2.1、K(V)2.2、K(V)4.2和K(V)2.1 9.3通道。其中，K(V)2.1和K(V)2.2通道亚基对大鼠肌源性和神经源性膀胱平滑肌(UBSM)的收缩起关键调控作用，然而K(V)4.2则不参与此作用。

Phlotoxin-1 (PhlTx1)是一种由34个氨基酸构成并含有3个二硫键的多肽。该化合物可从Phlogiellus属蜘蛛中提取，并作为一种抗伤害试剂，通过抑制NaV1.7通道发挥作用。

Heteropodatoxin-1 (HpTx1)为蜘蛛肽毒素，主要作用为Kv4.2电流的抑制剂，同时能够抑制Nav1.7和激活Nav1.9, 但对Nav1.8无影响。

Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTx1)为电压门控钠通道亚型的抑制剂，特别是对Nav1.1 β1、Nav1.2 β1、Nav1.4 β1和Nav1.5 β1具有不同程度的抑制效果，其IC50值分别为523 nM、3 nM、888 nM和323 nM。此外，Ceratotoxin-1对Nav1.8 β1亦有抑制作用。

MmTx1毒素是一种调节变构性GABAA受体活性的化合物，它能够提升GABAA受体对激动剂的反应性。

Pterinotoxin-1是一种肽类毒素，具有抑制(sodium channel)的活性。

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78)为T细胞增殖激活剂，以剂量依赖性方式增强人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)的体外增殖，适用于癌症与炎症免疫研究。

Latartoxin-1a (LtTx-1a) 是从L. tarabaevi中分离的肽毒素，对昆虫具备麻痹及致死效果，并显示膜结合活性。

Ergtoxin-1为钾离子通道阻断剂，源于墨西哥毒蝎Centruroides noxius的毒液。该化合物具有阻断神经、心脏及内分泌细胞ERG-K+通道的功能。

Dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX 1, 35-methylokadaic acid) 为腹泻性贝类中毒病原体，并表现出促进肿瘤活性，同时亦作为一种皮肤刺激物。

Psalmotoxin 1 is a potent and selective acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) blocker.

Guangxitoxin 1E acts as a gating modifier since it shifts the voltage-dependence of Kv2.1 K+ currents towards depolarized potentials.