Isoxicam demonstrates a broad range of pharmacological and bioactivity profiles, including significant antiinflammatory effects, enzyme inhibition, and moderate antiviral activity. It exhibits antiinflammatory activity in models such as carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis, with effective doses ranging from 1.56 mg/kg to 12.5 mg/kg. The compound inhibits human Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 and 1, with the highest inhibition observed at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL, respectively. Despite its high oral bioavailability and complete absorption in humans, it shows limited renal and hepatic clearance. Its total body clearance rate is 0.07 mL/min/kg, and it has a high volume of distribution at steady state, suggesting good tissue penetration.
In vitro, Isoxicam is inactive against ovine COX-1 at 200 µM, but it shows various bioactivities such as modulating Lamin A splicing and inhibiting Ubiquitin-specific Protease USP2a, lipid storage, Histone Lysine Methyltransferase G9a, HP1-beta Chromodomain interactions, Polymerase Iota, and human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1). It also exhibits antiviral activities, including blocking Ebola virus entry and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity in both Caco-2 and VERO-6 cells.
Pharmacokinetic studies reveal a mean residence time of 44 hours and a half-life of 33 hours after intravenous administration. Isoxicam binds strongly to human serum albumin (80.4% to 97.3%) and interacts with the binding sites, potentially displacing radiolabeled compounds. It inhibits sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1 and OATP1B3-transfected cells and shows no significant inhibition of human BSEP, MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4.
While Isoxicam demonstrates moderate activity in some assays, including inhibition of human HDAC6 and SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro protease, it is categorized as DILI negative according to the Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System. The overall profile indicates a compound with substantial antiinflammatory properties, broad enzyme inhibition capabilities, notable antiviral potential, and favorable pharmacokinetics and bioavailability..
Note: Summary generated by AI. Data source: ChEMBL 