knockout

SW033291 是有效的15-PGDH 抑制剂，与15-PGDH 亲和力高，Ki 为 0.1 nM。它增加骨髓和其他组织中前列腺素 PGE2 的水平。它还可促进组织再生。

MK-1064 (Urokinase inhibitor 1) 是一种选择性食欲素 2 (2-SORA)受体拮抗剂，可用于失眠患者的研究。

iFSP1 是一种强效、选择性和谷胱甘肽独立的铁死亡抑制蛋白 1 (FSP1) (AIFM2) 抑制剂，具有EC50 为 103 nM。它能够使多种人类癌细胞系对铁死亡诱导剂敏感，例如 (1S,3R)-RSL3。它在过表达 FSP1 的 GPX4 敲除细胞中选择性地诱导铁死亡。

Tianeptine metabolite MC5是一种来自非典型抗抑郁化合物tianeptine的活性代谢物，通过β-氧化形成。此代谢物在使用表达人类μ-阿片受体（MOR）而非人类δ-阿片受体（DOR；EC50s = 0.454和 >100 µM, 分别）的HEK293T细胞进行的生物发光共振能量转移(BRET)试验中，特异性诱导G蛋白激活。在野生型小鼠上，30 mg/kg剂量的Tianeptine metabolite MC5可减少强迫游泳测试中的静止时间，但在MOR敲除小鼠中则不会，表明其具有MOR依赖的抗抑郁样活性。

STING agonist 1a is an agonist of stimulator of interferon genes (STING).1It induces expression of an IRF-inducible SEAP reporter gene in a cell-based assay (EC50= 16.77 μM). STING agonist 1a (12.5-100 μM) induces expression of IFN-β, IL-6, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) in THP-1 cells, an effect that can be reversed by STING knockout or the STING inhibitor H-151 . 1.Hou, H., Yang, R., Liu, X., et al.Discovery of triazoloquinoxaline as novel STING agonists via structure-based virtual screeningBioorg. Chem.100103958(2020)

GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr- -) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003). GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr- -) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2 References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003).

1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PE is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HpETE at the sn-2 position. It is produced via oxidation of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO). 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PE (0.6 and 0.9 μM) increases ferroptotic cell death in wild-type and Acsl4 knockout Pfa1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) treated with the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3.

Produced by neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and by transcellular metabolism in platelets, leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is the parent cysteinyl leukotriene formed by the LTC4 synthase-catalyzed conjugation of glutathione to LTA4. It is one of the constituents of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and exhibits potent smooth muscle contracting activity. LTC4, however, is rapidly metabolized to LTD4 and LTE4, which makes the characterization of LTC4 pharmacology difficult. N-methyl Leukotriene C4 (N-methyl LTC4) is a synthetic analog of LTC4 that is not readily metabolized to LTD4 and LTE4.It acts as a potent and selective CysLT2 receptor agonist exhibiting EC50 values of 122 and > 2,000 nM at the human CysLT2 and CysLT1 receptors, respectively. It has essentially the same potency as LTC4 at both the human and murine receptors CysLT2 receptors. N-methyl LTC4 is potent and active in vivo, causing vascular leak in mice overexpressing the human CysLT2 receptor but not in CysLT2 receptor knockout mice.

Deltorphin II is a peptide agonist of δ2-opioid receptors.1,2It is selective for δ-opioid receptors over μ- and κ-opioid receptors in radioligand bindings assays (Kis = 0.0033, >1, and >1 μM, respectively) and induces [35S]GTPγS binding in mouse brain membrane preparations (EC50= 0.034 μM). Deltorphin II (0.12 mg kg) decreases the infarction zone:risk zone ratio in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by coronary occlusion, an effect that can be reversed by the δ2-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben but not the δ1-opioid receptor antagonist BNTX.3Intrathecal administration of deltorphin II (15 μg animal) increases latency to withdraw in the paw pressure and tail-flick tests in rats.4 1.Raynor, K., Kong, H., Chen, Y., et al.Pharmacological characterization of the cloned κ-, δ-, and μ-opioid receptorsMol. Pharm.45(2)330-334(1994) 2.Scherrer, G., Befort, K., Contet, C., et al.The delta agonists DPDPE and deltorphin II recruit predominantly mu receptors to produce thermal analgesia: A parallel study of mu, delta and combinatorial opioid receptor knockout miceEur. J. Neurosci.19(8)2239-2248(2004) 3.Maslov, L.N., Barzakh, E.I., Krylatov, A.V., et al.Opioid peptide deltorphin II simulates the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning: role of δ2-opioid receptors, protein kinase C, and KATP channelsBull. Exp. Biol. Med.149(5)591-593(2010) 4.Labuz, D., Toth, G., Machelska, H., et al.Antinociceptive effects of isoleucine derivatives of deltorphin I and deltorphin II in rat spinal cord: A search for selectivity of delta receptor subtypesNeuropeptides32(6)511-517(1998)

Cisd2 agonist 2（compound 6）是Cisd2激活剂，具有191 nM的EC50值，其中Cisd2水平与NAFLD相关。在Cisd2hKO-het小鼠（杂合子肝细胞特异性Cisd2敲除）中，Cisd2 agonist 2未显示出显著的体内毒性。

FPT 是一种2-氨基四氢萘，其作为一种有效的5-HT1AR部分激动剂，以及5-HT1BR和5-HT1DR的完全激动剂，在这些受体上的EC50分别为39.3 nM、1.2 nM和0.5 nM。FPT 对5-HT7R表现为弱激动剂。在Fmr1基因敲除小鼠中，FPT 显示出抗癫痫作用，并在小鼠模型中具有抗焦虑样和亲社会作用。

PKCε (85-92)（ψεRACK）是一种多肽和选择性PKCε激活剂，不影响其他PKC同工酶的活性。PKCε (85-92)可诱导内皮细胞的促血管生成反应，促进FGF-2胞吐，调节VEGF活性。

Potent and selective orexin OX2 receptor agonist (EC50 = 28 nM at human OX2 expressed in CHO cells). Displays approximately 100-fold selectivity for OX2 over OX1 (EC50 = 2.75 μM at human OX1 expressed in CHO cells). Depolarizes OX2-expressing histaminergic neurons in mouse brain slices. Increases wake time in wild type mice. Suppresses cataplexy-like symptoms in OX knockout mice. Nagahara et al (2015) Design and synthesis of non-peptide, selective orexin receptor 2 agonists. J.Med.Chem. 58 7931 PMID:26267383 |Irukayama-Tomobe et al (2017) Nonpeptide orexin type-2 receptor agonist ameliorates narcolepsy-cataplexy symptoms in mouse models. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA. 144 5731 PMID:28507129

Potent trace amine 1 (TA1) receptor agonist (EC50 values are 0.12, 35 and 17-85 nM for mouse, rat and human receptors, respectively). Increases wakefulness and reduces REM and NREM sleep duration in wild type mice. Inhibits spontaneous locomotor activity in dopamine transport (DAT) knockout mice. Espinoza et al (2018) Biochemical and functional characterization of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist RO5263397. Front.Pharmacol. 9 645 PMID:29977204 |Galley et al (2015) Discovery and characterization of 2-aminooxazolines as highly potent, selective, and orally active TAAR1 agonists. ACS.Med.Chem.Letts. 7 192 PMID:26985297 |Schwartz et al (2017) Trace amine-associated receptor 1 regulates wakefulness and EEG spectral composition. Neuropsychopharmacology. 42 1305 PMID:27658486

LY-465608, a PPAR Agonist, inhibits macrophage activation and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice.

LH1513 是 l-lysine 的二草酸 (dioxalate) 盐衍生物，能够抑制CaOx结晶，其效果优于柠檬酸盐和丙酮酸盐。在高草酸尿症模型中，LH1513 展示了预防活性的潜力，并且在 Agxt 敲除小鼠中能有效防止尿液中 CaOx 晶体形成。AGXT-1 是一种在线粒体中运作的蛋白质，参与代谢过程。

Asfotase alfa (ENB-0040) 是一款针对骨骼的基因重组糖蛋白。该药物提升了Akp2− −基因敲除小鼠的存活率、骨矿化及骨骼生长，并且缓解了脚部、胸部、下肢及颌骨矿化缺损。它主要用于对围产期、婴幼儿及青少年型低磷酸酶血症(HPP)进行研究。

N-Acyl taurines, such as N-lignoceroyl taurine, alongside various arachidonoyl amino acid conjugates like N-arachidonoyl dopamine and N-arachidonoyl-L-serine, have been identified in bovine brain and through mass spectrometry lipidomic studies in the brain and spinal cord of both wild-type and FAAH knockout mice. Notably, N-lignoceroyl taurine levels were found to be 23-26 times higher in FAAH knockout mice than in wild types, suggesting its degradation by FAAH, despite in vitro evidence showing FAAH hydrolyzes N-lignoceroyl taurine significantly slower than oleoyl ethanolamide. Additionally, N-acyl taurines with polyunsaturated acyl chains are known to activate TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels within the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of calcium channels.

24-Norursodeoxycholic acid (nor-UDCA) 是一种侧链缩短的 UDCA 的 C23 同系物，表现出有效的抗胆汁淤积，抗炎和抗纤维化活性。

Potent and selective p38α and p38β degrader (DC50 < 50 nM). Displays no significant degradation of p38γ, p38δ, JNK1/2 or ERK1/2. Inhibits phosphorylation of MK2 in UV-treated cancer cells and LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Exhibits similar effect to p38α gene knockout in BBL358 cells. Active in vivo.

Dynamin-related GTPase DRP1 partial inhibitor (IC50 = 1.2 μM). Selective for DRP1 over other dynamin-related GTPases, OPA1 and DYN1. Increases mitochondrial DNA levels in mfn1- knockout MEFs deficient in mitochondrial fusion. Mallat et al (2018) Discovery and characterization of selective small molecule inhibitors of the mammalian mitochondrial division dynamin, DRP1. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 499 556 PMID:29601815

CAY10748 is an agonist of stimulator of interferon genes (STING; IC50= 0.3794 μM in a competition binding assay).1It activates STING in STING-expressing, but not STING knockout, THP-1 cells (EC50s = 0.287 and >100 μM, respectively, in a reporter assay). It induces phosphorylation of STING at the serine in position 366, as well as phosphorylation of TBK1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), indicating activation of the STING-TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway. CAY10748 increases the secretion of IFN-β and the levels of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), and IL-6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) when used at a concentration of 10 μM. It also reduces tumor growth in a CT26 murine colon cancer model when administered at a dose of 0.15, but not 1.5, mg/kg. 1.Xi, Q., Wang, M., Jia, W., et al.Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of amidobenzimidazole derivatives as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) receptor agonistsJ. Med. Chem.63(1)260-282(2019)

Lockdown is a reversible and non-competitive PPM1F inhibitor. Lockdown is selective for PPM1F, because this compound does not inhibit other protein phosphatases in vitro and does not induce additional phenotypes in PPM1F knockout cells. Lockdown acts in a dose-dependent, allosteric manner with high selectivity for PPM1F

Hypoxystat 可提高血红蛋白对氧气的亲和力，减少氧气在组织中的释放，诱导组织缺氧。在 Ndufs4 基因敲除小鼠模型中，Hypoxystat 可缓解线粒体疾病 Leigh 综合征，并且具有口服活性。