insulin (human)

Insulin (human) 是一种多肽激素，可以促进糖原的合成，调节血液中的葡萄糖水平。Insulin (human) 具有降血糖活性，临床上用于治疗糖尿病患者的高血糖。

Pioglitazone (U 72107) 是一种 PPARγ激动剂，作用于人和鼠 PPARγ 的 EC50 分别为 0.93 和 0.99 μM，具有选择性、口服活性。Pioglitazone 可用于糖尿病研究。

GIP (3-42), human (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (3-42) (human)) 是一种多肽，可充当葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽 (GIP) 受体拮抗剂，在体内调节胰岛素分泌和 GIP 的代谢作用，可用于研究2型糖尿病。

Linsitinib (OSI-906) 是选择性的、有效的、具有口服活性的IGF-1和胰岛素受体(IR)的双重抑制剂，IC50分别为 35 和 75 nM。

HNMPA 是膜不可渗透的胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶 (insulin receptor tyrosine kinase) 抑制剂。HNMPA 可以抑制人胰岛素受体的酪氨酸和丝氨酸自磷酸化。HNMPA 对环 AMP 依赖性蛋白激酶或蛋白激酶 C 活性没有影响。

KW-2450 free base 是一种 IGF-1R IR和酪氨酸激酶多重抑制剂 具有抗肿瘤活性。KW-2450 free base 在小鼠 HT-29 GFP 结肠癌异种移植模型中显示出适度的生长抑制活性并抑制 IGF-1 诱导的信号转导。

JBSNF-000028 是一种具有口服活性和有效性的烟酰胺 N-甲基转移酶 (NNMT) 抑制剂，对人 NNMT (hNNMT)、猴 NNMT (mkNNMT) 和小鼠 NNMT (mNNMT) 具有抑制作用， IC50 分别为 0.033 μM、0.19 μM 和 0.21 μM。JBSNF-000028 可驱动胰岛素敏化、葡萄糖调节和体重减，可用于研究代谢紊乱。

β-Aminopropionitrile (3-Aminopropionitrile) 是赖氨酰氧化酶的特异性抑制剂。

3-Hydroxybutyric acid (Butanoic acid) 是人内源性代谢物，一种内源性的组蛋白去乙酰化酶 (HDAC) 抑制剂，对 HDAC3、HDAC4、HDAC1 的 IC50为2.4 mM、4.5 mM、5.3 mM。3-Hydroxybutyric acid有能量代谢、神经保护、抗炎作用、改善胰岛素抵抗作用。

Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol也被称为肌醇，是一种天然的环己烷衍生物和醇类化合物，对信号转导、渗透压调节和脂质代谢等具有生物活性，广泛应用于生物化学实验和药物合成研究。

Temocapil 是一种酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。

S961是一种高亲和力和选择性胰岛素受体(IR)拮抗剂，接近闪烁计数法试验中对HIR-A、HIR-B 和人胰岛素样生长因子I 受体(HIGF-IR)的ic50分别为0.048、0.027和630 nM。

SBI-477 是化学探针，能够使转录因子MondoA 失活，刺激胰岛素信号传导，使胰岛素途径抑制剂硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白和抑制蛋白结构域 4 的表达降低。它能够协调地抑制三酰基甘油酯合成，促进人骨骼肌细胞中的基础葡萄糖摄取。

D5D-IN-326 is an orally active delta-5 desaturase (D5D) inhibitor (IC50s: 72 and 22 nM for rat and human D5D in enzymic and cell-based assays). It has no effect on D6D or D9D activity. D5D-IN-326 reduces insulin resistance and decreases body weight in die

KGA-2727是选择性，高亲和力和口服有效的 SGLT1抑制剂，对人和大鼠 SGLT1的 Ki 分别为 97.4 nM 和 43.5 nM，对 SGLT1的选择性比人SGLT2 高 140 倍 ，大鼠SGLT2高390 倍。KGA-2727具有抗糖尿病活性。

LY2922470 是选择性口服有效的GPR40激动剂，作用于 人 GPR40、小鼠 GPR40、大鼠 GPR40 的EC50值分别为 7 nM、1 nM、3 nM。它可降低血糖水平，同时显著增加胰岛素和 GLP-1，有潜力用于 2 型糖尿病的研究。

ZIGIR 能够基于胰岛素含量实现异质性β细胞的分离并将胰岛纯化为α和β细胞群体，揭示了人胰岛δ细胞中生长抑素颗粒具有锌（II）离子活性。

ZP3022是一种兼具glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R)和cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptor的激动剂。它在表达GLP-1R或CCK2 receptor的HEK293细胞中，选择性增加cAMP积累或ERK磷酸化，而在表达CCK1 receptor的HEK293细胞中，该作用较弱（人类受体的EC50分别为0.02, 10.3和>1,000 nM）。ZP3022（40 nM）在体外实验中促进大鼠新生β细胞的增殖，并在大鼠胰岛中以10和100 nM浓度应用时增强葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌（GSIS），同时以40 nmol/kg剂量每日两次给药可减少大鼠体重。在db/db小鼠中，每日100 nmol/kg剂量的ZP3022增加β细胞和胰腺总体积，同时改善葡萄糖耐量。此外，它在db/db小鼠中降低食物摄入量，但不影响体重。

NVP-DPP728 是一种有效、可逆、腈依赖性二肽基肽酶 IV (DPP-IV)抑制剂，Ki 值为 11 nM。NVP-DPP728 可抑制胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1)的降解，从而增强响应于葡萄糖摄入的胰岛素释放。NVP-DPP728 可用于糖尿病研究。

AZD6482 (S-isomer) is a potent, selective, ATP-competitive PI3Kβ inhibitor (IC(50) 0.01 μm), which can inhibit insulin-induced in vitro glucose uptake by human adipocytes (IC(50) is 4.4 μm).

Ganglioside GM3 is a monosialoganglioside that demonstrates antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in tumor cells by modulating cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. It suppresses angiogenesis and reduces proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at a concentration of 20 μM via inhibition of VEGFR2 and Akt phosphorylation. Ganglioside GM3 induces dissociation of the insulin receptor-caveolin-1 complex from lipid microdomains, functioning as an inhibitor of insulin signaling and contributing to insulin resistance in adipocytes. Ganglioside GM3 mixture contains ganglioside GM3 molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 fatty acyl chains.

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide first demonstrated to drive smooth muscle contraction.1Translated as a 174 amino acid propeptide, NMU is cleaved to different lengths in different animals. It has diverse receptor-mediated rolesin vivo, as it regulates feeding, vasoconstriction, nociception, and bone remodeling and contributes to obesity, cancer and septic shock.2,2NMU-25 is the active form of NMU in humans. It binds with high affinity to receptors on human left ventricle and coronary artery (KDs = 0.26 and 0.11 nM, respectively), eliciting endothelium-independent vasoconstriction.3NMU-25 also suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets, and this effect is lost in NMU R165W mutants, resulting in early-onset obesity.4 1.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., and Davenport, A.P.Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin SBritish Journal of Pharmacology15887-103(2009) 2.Greenwood, H.C., Bloom, S.R., and Murphy, K.G.Peptides and their potential role in the treatment of diabetes and obesityRev.Diabet.Stud.8(3)355-368(2011) 3.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., Kuc, R.E., et al.Expression and vasoconstrictor function of anorexigenic peptides neuromedin U-25 and S in the human cardiovascular systemCardiovascular Research81353-361(2009) 4.Alfa, R.W., Park, S., Skelly, K.R., et al.Suppression of insulin production and secretion by a decretin hormoneCell Metabolism21(2)323-333(2015)

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

FKGK 18 is an inhibitor of group VIA (GVIA) calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). It inhibits GVIA iPLA2 by 99.9% at 0.091 mole fraction in a mixed micelle activity assay and is selective for GVIA iPLA2 over GIVA cPLA2 and GV sPLA2 where it shows 80.8 and 36.8% inhibition, respectively. FKGK 18 inhibits iPLA2β activity in cytosolic extracts from INS-1 cells overexpressing iPLA2β (IC50 = ~50 nM) as well as iPLA2γ activity in mouse heart membrane fractions (IC50s = ~1-3 μM). It inhibits glucose-induced increases in prostaglandin E2 production and insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets when used at a concentration of 10 μM and inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells overexpressing iPLA2β in a concentration-dependent manner. FKGK 18 (20 mg/kg, 3 times per week) reduces blood glucose levels in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, decreases the incidence of diabetes, and increases serum insulin levels in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.