β-endorphin, human

β-Endorphin, human, a prominent endogenous peptide found in the hypophysis cerebri and hypothalamus, is an agonist of [opioid receptor].

β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) acetate 存在于大脑垂体和下丘脑中，具有镇痛活性。 β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) acetate 是一种阿片受体激动剂，对 μ-阿片受体和 δ-阿片受体具有较好的亲和力。

Acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) is a neuropeptide found in rat hippocampus, brain stem, and pituitary. It is also present in the human hypothalamus, where it comprises approximately 4.9% of total β-endorphin peptides. Acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) is produced through posttranslational processing of β-endorphin and is processed similarly in rat and human hypothalamus. Levels of acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) increase in the rat pars intermedia and brain stem following chronic administration of haloperidol .

β-Endorphin (1-27) is an endogenous peptide that binds to μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors (Kis = 5.31, 6.17, and 39.82 nM, respectively, in COS-1 cells expressing rat receptors). It binds to rat and mouse brain membrane preparations (IC50s = 1.1 and 5.7 nM, respectively) and induces chemotaxis of human monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 1 nM. Intracerebroventricular administration of β-endorphin (1-27) increases the latency to tail withdrawal in response to thermal stimulation in mice with a median antinociceptive dose (AD50) of 1,500 pmol per animal. It inhibits antinociception induced by β-endorphin in mice in response to thermal stimuli when administered at a dose of 65 pmol per animal. In rats, β-endorphin (1-27) does not affect drug-associated place preference when administered at doses up to 20 μg, i.c.v., but inhibits β-endorphin-induced place preference when administered at a dose of 10 μg per animal.

β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) 是一种 opioid 拮抗剂，与 μ-、δ- 及 κ-阿片受体结合，其 Kis 分别为 5.31、6.17 及 39.82 nM。该化合物还能够抑制由 β-Endorphin 及 etorphine 引起的痛觉消失。

β-Endorphin是一种内源性阿片类神经肽，作为opioid receptor激动剂，主要与μ-阿片受体发生作用。该肽在中枢和周围神经系统特定神经元中表达，是人类体内三种内啡肽之一。β-Endorphin在减轻压力、维护生理平衡及调控神经系统的疼痛感知中发挥作用。

[DPro5] Corticotropin Releasing Factor, human, rat 是人类和大鼠促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子 激素 R2 的选择性激动剂。作为一种下丘脑激素，促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子 (CRF) 能够促进肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH) 和 β-内啡肽的分泌。值得注意的是，[DPro5] Corticotropin Releasing Factor, human, rat 并不触发典型的焦虑反应，而是能调控大鼠的学习与记忆过程。

Atrial natriuretic factor (1-28) (human, porcine) TFA 通过增强钠和尿液的排泄来发挥降血压的作用。此外，它通过抑制促阿片黑素皮质素 (POMC) 的表达，抑制垂体中促肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH) 和 β-内啡肽的释放。Atrial natriuretic factor (1-28) (human, porcine) TFA 还在 RMIC 细胞中增加 cGMP 水平，IC50为 1.2 nM。