dilation

Tropicamide (Ro 1-7683) 是一种选择性的 M4毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体拮抗剂，作为滴眼剂使用时，会产生短效瞳孔扩张和睫状肌麻痹。

Prostaglandin E1 (Alprostadil) 是一种前列腺素受体配体，对小鼠 EP1、EP2、EP3、EP4和 IP 的 Ki 值分别为 36、10、1.1、2.1 和 33 nM。它诱导血管舒张并抑制血小板聚集，可作为血管扩张剂用于外周血管疾病的研究。

LDN-27219 是一种人组织型转谷氨酰胺酶抑制剂(IC50:600 nM)。

Telcagepant（MK-0974，替卡吉泮）是一种口服的降钙素基因相关肽受体（CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide）拮抗剂，阻断CGRP受体并减少中枢神经系统的神经传递，用于研究偏头痛和减轻疼痛。

Drotaverine hydrochloride 是磷酸二酯酶 4 (PDE4)的抑制剂，也是 L 型电压依赖钙通道(L-VDCC)的阻滞剂，可阻断3',5'-环腺苷单磷酸的降解。它在体内有抗痉挛效果，但无抗胆碱能的效果。

FENETRADIL是一种用于扩张冠状动脉的化学化合物。

Broad spectrum MMP inhibitor (IC_{50< sub> values are 0.7, 0.9, 13, 16 and 1170 nM for MMP-2, MMP-13, MMP-9, MMP-3 and MMP-1 respectively). Attenuates early left ventricular dilation after experimental myocardial infarction in mice.}

SKA-111 是一种选择性钙离子激活的钾离子通道 (potassium phannel ) KCa3.1 激活剂，可引起猪内皮细胞膜超极化。SKA-111结合在CaM N-瓣和S4-S5接头之间的界面中，能够改善 Bradykinin 诱导的离体大鼠心脏的冠状动脉扩张，可用于研究心血管疾病。

D-Epinephrine can be used as a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication. Epinephrine can be normally obtained from the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It involves in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the hear

(±)14(15)-EET is a metabolite of arachidonic acid that is formed via epoxidation of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450.[1],[2] It prevents increases in leukotriene B4, ICAM-1, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL2) induced by oxidized LDL in primary rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells (RPAECs) when used at a concentration of 1 μM.[3] (±)14(15)-EET induces dilation of preconstricted isolated canine coronary arterioles (EC50 = 0.2 pM).[4] It reduces myocardial infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk in a canine model of ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion when administered at a dose of 0.128 mg kg prior to occlusion or reperfusion.[5] Reference：[1]. Chacos, N., Falck, J.R., Wixtrom, C., et al. Novel epoxides formed during the liver cytochrome P-450 oxidation of arachidonic acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 104(3), 916-922 (1982).[2]. Oliw, E.H., Guengerich, F.P., and Oates, J.A. Oxygenation of arachidonic acid by hepatic monooxygenases. Isolation and metabolism of four epoxide intermediates. J. Biol. Chem. 257(7), 3771-3781 (1982).[3]. Jiang, J.-X., Zhang, S.-J., Xiong, Y.-K., et al. EETs attenuate ox-LDL-induced LTB4 production and activity by inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation and 5-LO BLT1 receptor expression in rat pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. PLoS One 10(6), e0128278 (2015).[4]. Oltman, C.L., Weintraub, N.L., VanRollins, M., et al. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids are potent vasodilators in the canine coronary microcirculation. Circ. Res. 83(9), 932-939 (1998).[5]. Nithipatikom, K., Moore, J.M., Isbell, M.A., et al. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in cardioprotection: Ischemic versus reperfusion injury. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291(2), H537-H542 (2006).

14S(15R)-EET is an oxylipin and a cytochrome P450 metabolite of arachidonic acid .114S(15R)-EET binds to isolated guinea pig monocytes with a Kivalue of 612.5 nM in a competitive binding assay using [3H]14(15)-EET.2It induces dilation of precontracted isolated canine epicardial arterioles (EC50= 4 pM) and denuded porcine subepicardial arterioles (EC50= 3 pM).3Unlike 14R(15S)-EET, 14S(15R)-EET does not inhibit COX in enzyme assays or isolated platelets.4 1.Daikh, B.E., Lasker, J.M., Raucy, J.L., et al.Regio- and stereoselective epoxidation of arachidonic acid by human cytochromes P450 2C8 and 2C91J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.271(3)1427-1433(1994) 2.Wong, P.Y.-K., Lai, P.-S., and Falck, J.R.Mechanism and signal transduction of 14 (R), 15 (S)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) binding in guinea pig monocytesProstaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.62(4)321-333(2000) 3.Zhang, Y., Oltman, C.L., Lu, T., et al.EET homologs potently dilate coronary microvessels and activate BKCa channelsAm. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.280(6)H2430-H2440(2001) 4.Fitzpatrick, F.A., Ennis, M.D., Baze, M.E., et al.Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity and platelet aggregation by epoxyeicosatrienoic acidsJ. Biol. Chem.261(2)15334-15338(1986)

Clorprenaline（氯丙那林）是一种β-adrenergic receptor激动剂，激活腺苷酸环化酶和PKA并上调cAMP，从而导致支气管平滑肌细胞的松弛，扩张气道并改善气流。Clorprenaline可以抑制肥大细胞中组胺和白三烯等介质的释放，进一步促进其抗炎特性。

Halobetasol propionate (BMY-30056) 是一种在皮肤外使用的合成类固醇，具有抗炎，止痒和收缩血管的活性。

Homatropine hydrochloride为口服抗胆碱能剂，迅速扩张瞳孔并导致睫状肌麻痹。该化合物也展现出镇咳效果，适用于眼科疾病和止咳研究。

(±)13,14-EDT是一种氧脂和腎上腺酸的代谢产物，通过细胞色素P450（CYP）途径形成。在50 nM的浓度下，它能激活分离的大鼠冠状小动脉平滑肌细胞中的大导电钙激活钾通道（KCa1.1/BK），并导致分离的猪小动脉扩张（EC50 = 12 pM）。(±)13,14-EDT还能使用TP受体激动剂U-46619预收缩的分离牛冠状动脉放松。

(±)16,17-EDT，一种经由细胞色素P450 (CYP) 途径形成的腺苷酸代谢物和氧脂肪酸，能够诱导分离的猪小动脉舒张（EC50 = 11 pM）。此外，(±)16,17-EDT 亦能促进以TP受体激动剂U-46619 预收缩的分离牛冠状动脉的松弛。

Epinephrine HCl, a compound functioning as a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication, is synthesized by adrenal glands and some neurons. It is essential in the fight-or-flight response, enhancing blood flow to muscles, heart output, pupil dilation, and blood sugar levels through its interaction with alpha and beta receptors. Epinephrine HCl is present in various animals and some unicellular organisms.

14S(15R)-EET methyl ester, an oxylipin derived from arachidonic acid through cytochrome P450 metabolism, demonstrates specific biological activities. It exhibits affinity for isolated guinea pig monocytes, evidenced by a competitive binding assay with a Ki value of 612.5 nM using [3H]14(15)-EET. This compound notably enhances the dilation of precontracted isolated canine epicardial arterioles (EC50= 4 pM) and denuded porcine subepicardial arterioles (EC50= 3 pM), indicating potent vasodilatory effects. Unlike its isomer 14R(15S)-EET, 14S(15R)-EET methyl ester does not inhibit COX activity in enzyme assays or affect isolated platelets, highlighting its distinct functional profile.

(±)17(18)-EpETE-Ethanolamide, an ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxide, originates from eicosapentaenoic ethanolamide (EPEA) through cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases action and is decomposed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FA, AH). Its endogenous synthesis occurs in LPS-stimulated and EPEA-supplemented BV-2 microglia cells, a process inhibited by the CYP inhibitor ketoconazole. This compound mitigates IL-6 and nitrite levels while enhancing IL-10 production following LPS exposure in BV-2 microglia. At a dose of 50 µM, it prevents platelet aggregation caused by arachidonic acid but not that triggered by ADP, collagen, or ristocetin. Additionally, it facilitates the dilation of constricted bovine coronary arteries (ED50= 1.1 µM) and blocks VEGF-driven tubulogenesis in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs).

Teopranitol (KC-046) is a coronary vasodilator known for its relatively selective action on venous dilation, utilized in research related to acute myocardial ischemia [1].

Tolmesoxide (RX71107) 是一款具备降血压功能的外周血管扩张剂。它在人体前臂动脉床及手背静脉中展现出直接的血管扩张作用，能够剂量依赖性地提升前臂血流量，并在手背静脉收缩时显示扩张效果。此化合物主要用于高血压与心绞痛的研究。