C18 dihydro Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and precursor in the de novo synthesis of C18 ceramide that lacks the 4,5-trans double bond. [1] Increased C18 dihydroceramide lipid levels lead to increased triacylglycerol storage and autophagosome accumulation as well as upregulation of the fibrosis markers α-SMA and FGF2 in Chang and LX-2 liver cells. C18 dihydro Ceramide is elevated in the plasma of pre-diabetics up to 9 years prior to the onset of type 2 diabetes. [2] It is also elevated in the skin of patients with lesional atopic dermatitis.[3]
3-Hydroxy hexanoic acid, a hydroxylated fatty acid, is present in methyl-branched poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers synthesized by P. oleovorans, P. putida, and D. tsuruhatensis. Additionally, it appears in the urine and serum of diabetic patients experiencing ketoacidosis, unlike in healthy individuals or diabetics without ketoacidosis. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1747]