β-galactosidase

D-Ribonolactone 是一种大肠杆菌 β-半乳糖苷酶的抑制剂，Ki 为 26 mM。它也一种糖内酯。

α-Galactosidase(EC 3.2.1.22)，即 α-半乳糖苷酶，是一种糖苷水解酶，广泛存在于动植物和微生物中，常用于生化研究。α-Galactosidase 可以催化 α-1,6 连接的末端半乳糖残基的水解，包括低聚半乳糖、半乳甘露聚糖和半乳糖脂。催化许多分解代谢过程，包括糖蛋白、糖脂和多糖的裂解。

β-Galactosidase (GAL) 是一种糖苷水解酶，可水解半乳糖与其有机部分之间形成的 β-糖苷键，可自然催化低聚糖和二糖中半乳糖苷键的水解，用于降解乳糖并生产对乳糖不耐症患者有益的低乳糖和无乳糖乳制品。

Migalastat hydrochloride (GR181413A) 是一种可口服且具有有效和竞争性的 α-galactosidase A 抑制剂，可促进α-半乳糖苷酶A向溶酶体的运输，可用于研究法布里病。

4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside (PNP-alpha-D-Gal) 是 4-硝基苯基 (pNP) 糖吡喃糖苷的人工底物，可用于 α-半乳糖苷酶活性的检测。它用作底物能够显著增加 pNP 的释放量。

alpha-Galactosidase A 是一种溶酶体外糖苷酶，能够水解糖缀合物的末端 α 半乳糖部分。

Tryptophan, N-indol-3-ylacetyl- (6CI) (Indole-3-acetyl-L-tryptophan) 参与调节生理和病理生理反应过程中生长素活性的调节机制。还可用于合成β-D-半乳糖苷酶和β-D-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂。

SSK1 是一种选择性杀死衰老细胞的化合物，是一种针对 β-galactosidase 的前体，可减轻机体炎症反应。SSK1 可激活衰老细胞中 p38 MAPK 和 MKK3 MKK6 的磷酸化水平，促使衰老细胞线粒体 DNA 损伤。

ONPG (2-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside) 是用作比色和分光光度计底物，可用作 β-半乳糖苷酶活性的检测。

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-glucopyranoside (X-Glc) 是β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase)的显色底物，在β-半乳糖苷酶的催化下会产生蓝色产物。5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-glucopyranoside 常用于β-半乳糖苷酶的原位染色检测以及蓝白斑筛选。

Cetyldimethylethylammonium Bromide 可用于诱导细胞外分泌 β-半乳糖苷酶。

resorufin galactopyranoside 是β-半乳糖苷酶的荧光底物，在被β-半乳糖苷酶酶切后，荧光部分间苯二酚被释放，其荧光可用于定量β-半乳糖糖苷酶的活性。它的激发光为570，发射光为580nm。

(2R)-Glycerol-O-β-D-galactopyranoside is a substrate for β-galactosidase, the lactose repressor, the galactose-binding protein, and the β-methylgalactoside transport system. It also serves as a substrate for the third lac operon encoded enzyme, thiogalactoside transacetylase.

Cyclic di-IMP (sodium salt) (c-di-IMP) is a synthetic second messenger structurally related to the bacterial second messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP . C-di-IMP has adjuvant properties when co-administered with antigens in vitro and by mucosal routes in vivo. C-di-IMP enriches the population of MHC class I and II, CD80, CD86, CD40, and CD54 positive dendritic cells derived from murine bone marrow. It also stimulates macrophages at 500 ng ml. Mice immunized with β-galactosidase (β-gal) plus c-di-IMP through the intranasal route show a humoral immune response, evidenced by an increase in IgG titers up to 2-fold compared to mice immunized with β-gal alone. Mice immunized with β-gal plus c-di-IMP also exhibit a Th1 Th2 response, indicating that the adjuvant activity of c-di-IMP leads to a cellular immune response as well.

Pyrindolol is a bacterial metabolite that has been found inS. alboverticillatus.1It inhibits neutral β-galactosidase by 50% under acidic, but not neutral, conditions when used at a concentration of 2 μg ml. It is selective for β-galactosidase isolated from bovine liver over β-galactosidases isolated from human, bovine, pig, and rat tissues and sialidases isolated fromC. perfringens,Streptomyces, and the H3N2 strain of influenza virus (IC50s = >250 μg ml for all).1,2 1.Aoyagi, T., Kumagai, M., Hazato, T., et al.Pyridindolol, a new β-galactosidase inhibitor produced by actinomycetesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)28(7)555-557(1975) 2.Kumagai, M., Aoyagi, T., and Umezawa, H.Inhibitory activity of pyridindolol on β-galactosidaseJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)29(7)696-703(1976)

Ganglioside GM1is a monosialylated ganglioside and the prototypic ganglioside for those containing one sialic acid residue.1,2It is found in a large variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons, and is enriched in lipid rafts in the cell membrane.3It associates with growth factor receptors, including TrkA, TrkB, and the GDNF receptor complex containing Ret and GFRα, and is required for TrkA expression on the cell surface. Ganglioside GM1interacts with other proteins to increase calcium influx, affecting various calcium-dependent processes, including inducing neuronal outgrowth during differentiation. Ganglioside GM1acts as a receptor for cholera toxin, which binds to its oligosaccharide group, facilitating toxin cell entry into epithelial cells of the jejunum.4,5Similarly, it is bound by the heat-labile enterotoxin fromE. coliin the pathogenesis of traveler's diarrhea.6Ganglioside GM1gangliosidosis, characterized by a deficiency in GM1-β-galactosidase, the enzyme that degrades ganglioside GM1, leads to accumulation of the gangliosides GM1and GA1in neurons and can be fatal in infants.1Levels of ganglioside GM1are decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta in postmortem brain from patients with Parkinson's disease.3Ganglioside GM1mixture contains a mixture of ovine ganglioside GM1molecular species with primarily C18:0 fatty acyl chain lengths, among various others. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1544] 1.Kolter, T.Ganglioside biochemistryISRN Biochem.506160(2012) 2.Mocchetti, I.Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophinsCell Mol. Life Sci.62(19-20)2283-2294(2005) 3.Ledeen, R.W., and Wu, G.The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of natureTrends Biochem. Sci.40(7)407-418(2015) 4.Turnbull, W.B., Precious, B.L., and Homans, S.W.Dissecting the cholera toxin-ganglioside GM1 interaction by isothermal titration calorimetryJ. Am. Chem. Soc.126(4)1047-1054(2004) 5.Blank, N., Schiller, M., Krienke, S., et al.Cholera toxin binds to lipid rafts but has a limited specificity for ganglioside GM1Immunol. Cell Biol.85(5)378-382(2007) 6.Minke, W.E., Roach, C., Hol, W.G., et al.Structure-based exploration of the ganglioside GM1 binding sites of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin for the discovery of receptor antagonistsBiochemistry38(18)5684-5692(1999)

Australine is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid originally isolated fromC. australethat has enzyme inhibitory activities.1,2,3It is an inhibitor of glucoamylase (IC50= 5.8 μM) that also inhibits glucosidase I, sucrase, maltase, andA. nigerα-glucosidase (IC50s = 20, 28, 35, and 28 μM, respectively).2,3Australine is selective for these enzymes over glucosidase II, α- and β-mannosidase, and α- and β-galactosidase up to 500 μM, β-glucosidase, with only 5% inhibition at 66 μM, as well as isomaltase and trehalase (IC50= 97 and 160 μM, respectively). Australine (500 μg/ml) inhibits glycoprotein processing of viral glycoproteins in influenza virus-infected MDCK cells and induces the accumulation of glycoproteins.2 1.Molyneux, R.J., Benson, M., Wong, R.Y., et al.Australine, a novel pyrrolizidine alkaloid glucosidase inhibitor from Castanospermum australJ. Nat. Prod.51(6)1198-1206(1988) 2.Tropea, J.E., Molyneux, R.J., Kaushal, G.P., et al.Australine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that inhibits amyloglucosidase and glycoprotein processingBiochemistry28(5)2027-2034(1989) 3.Kato, A., Kano, E., Adachi, I., et al.Australine and related alkaloids: easy structural confirmation by 13C NMR spectral data and biological activitiesTetrahedron Asymmetry14(3)325-331(2003)

5-Fluorouridine 5'-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, also known as 5'-O-β-D-galactosyl-5-fluorouridine, is a prodrug of 5-Fluorouridine. 5-Fluorouridine 5'-O-β-D-galactopyranoside can be enzymatically converted by β-D-galactosidase into 5-Fluorouridine, which is a highly effective antineoplastic agent.

Maltotriose 是一种大肠杆菌麦芽糖调节剂的诱导剂，是酿造中含量第二高的糖。它能够诱导β-半乳糖苷酶合成。

4-Nitrophenyl β-D-Galactopyranoside 是一种 β-D-半乳糖苷衍生物，是β-半乳糖苷酶的底物，可用于测定测定 β-半乳糖苷酶活性，可用于研究溶酶体贮积病、肥胖症和粘多糖贮积症。

β-Gal-NONOate 为一种依赖β-半乳糖苷酶活化的一氧化氮(NO)供体，能够在β-半乳糖苷酶作用下释放NO。此化合物展现出杀菌活性，适用作为杀菌剂。

4-Aminophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, 98% 是一种生化试剂，也是β-galactosidase的底物。

5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide, 98% 是一种显色底物，用于测量食品、酶底物和培养基中β-半乳糖苷酶活性。

6-Bromo-2-naphthyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (6-Bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside) 是用于检测β-半乳糖苷酶活性的显色底物。通过β-半乳糖苷酶水解，产生黄色沉淀，指示酶的存在。