fat metabolism

Choline hydroxide 是一种普遍存在的水溶性营养素，通常与 B 族维生素有关。

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 是一种维生素，在维持血流形成和脑、神经系统正常功能等方面发挥关键作用。

Biotin (Vitamin H) 属于天然产物，是一种 B 族维生素，具有水溶性。Biotin 参与脂肪酸产生、脂肪和氨基酸代谢以及细胞生长。Biotin 常被用于生物素标记。

Nicotinamide riboside 是维生素 B3 的来源，可以增强氧化代谢并防止高脂肪饮食诱导的代谢异常。它是具有口服活性的 NAD+的前体，增加 NAD+水平并激活SIRT1和SIRT3，可用于研究阿尔茨海默氏病的认知退化。

L-Threonine (threonine) 是人体必需氨基酸，是神经系统的重要氨基酸。L-Threonine 在卟啉和脂肪代谢中也起着重要作用，防止肝脏脂肪堆积。L-Threonine 可用于治疗肠道疾病和消化不良，也可用于缓解焦虑和轻度抑郁。

Berberine (Umbellatine) 属于生物碱类天然产物，可以激活 AMPK、抑制 DNA 拓扑异构酶、诱导 ROS 生成。Berberine 具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、降血糖、降血脂等生物学活性。

Triarachidin (1,2,3-Trieicosanoyl Glycerol) 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid 是一种口服有效的酰基辅酶 A 氧化酶-1 (ACOX1) 抑制剂，具有高特异性，选择性，高亲和力的特点。10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid 可改善线粒体脂质和 ROS 代谢，在高脂饮食或肥胖引起的代谢性疾病中有研究的价值。

L-Hexanoylcarnitine 是一种酰基肉碱，可作为运动员和健身爱好者增强体能和促进脂肪代谢的补充剂。

Ibutamoren (MK-677) 是一种药物，可作为一种有效的、口服活性的生长激素促分泌素，模仿内源性激素 ghrelin 的 GH 刺激作用。它还改变了身体脂肪的代谢，因此可能在肥胖症的治疗中具有应用。

AJS1669, an activator of muscle glycogen synthase, improves glucose metabolism and reduces body fat mass in mice.

Nicotinamide Riboside Triflate (SRT647 Triflate) 是一种天然NAD前体，可增加NAD水平，可增强氧化代谢并防止高脂肪饮食引起的肥胖，KE 激活SIRT3可防止噪音引起的听力损失,可用于研究肌肉萎缩。

YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.1 It decreases protein levels of β-catenin in the presence of the GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride and increases protein levels of Axin1 in HEK293 cells. YW1128 decreases lipid accumulation and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in Huh7 cells. It decreases the hepatic expression of Wnt target genes, improves glucose tolerance, and prevents body weight increases and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed normal chow, when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 11 weeks.References1. Obianom, O.N., Ai, Y., Li, Y., et al. Triazole-based inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. J. Med. Chem. 62(2), 727-741 (2019). YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.1 It decreases protein levels of β-catenin in the presence of the GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride and increases protein levels of Axin1 in HEK293 cells. YW1128 decreases lipid accumulation and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in Huh7 cells. It decreases the hepatic expression of Wnt target genes, improves glucose tolerance, and prevents body weight increases and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed normal chow, when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 11 weeks. References1. Obianom, O.N., Ai, Y., Li, Y., et al. Triazole-based inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. J. Med. Chem. 62(2), 727-741 (2019).

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, δ, γ are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Pharmacologies of PPARδ receptor agonists, though relatively obscure, have recently been reported to elevate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in obese insulin resistant rhesus monkeys. CAY10592 is a full PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 30 nM) in a fatty acid oxidation assay of rat L6 muscle cells with desirable oral pharmacokinetic properties. In a transactivation assay using human PPAR receptors, CAY10592 acts as a selective partial PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 53 nM) with no effect on PPARα or PPARγ activity up to 30 μM. Chronic treatment of high fat fed ApoB100/CETP-transgenic mice with CAY10592 at a dose of 20 mg/kg increases HDL levels, decreases LDL and TG levels, and improves insulin sensitivity.

Resveratrol-4'-O-D-Glucuronide 具有抗脂肪堆积的特性，可由白藜芦醇代谢，可用于代谢相关研究。

Hydrocortisone phosphate is the pharmaceutical term for cortisol, which is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones, increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate.

15-methyl Palmitic Acid 是一种一种甲基化脂肪酸，广泛存在于动物脂质中，可能于调节脂肪代谢有关。

Neomangiferin (Mangiferin 7-glucoside) 是一种天然的 C-glucosyl xanthone，分离自干燥的Anemarrhena asphodeloides 的根茎中。它能够减轻大鼠高脂饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝病 (NAFLD)。

Nicotinamide riboside tartrate (NRT) is an oral NAD+ precursor that raises NAD+ levels, activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, and serves as a vitamin B3 (niacin) source. NRT also improves oxidative metabolism and protects against metabolic abnormalities induced by a high-fat diet. Furthermore, NRT mitigates cognitive decline in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Nicotinamide riboside malate is an orally active NAD+ precursor that elevates NAD+ levels and stimulates the activity of SIRT1 and SIRT3. Functioning as a vitamin B3 (niacin) source, it augments oxidative metabolism and provides protection against metabolic abnormalities induced by a high-fat diet. Additionally, Nicotinamide riboside malate mitigates cognitive decline in a genetically modified mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Glycerol 是甘油三酯（即脂肪和油）和磷脂的重要成分。它在食品工业中被广泛用作甜味剂和保湿剂以及药物制剂。

GKA50 quarterhydrate 是一种有效的葡萄糖激酶激活剂，其 EC50 值为 33 nM。GKA50 quarterhydrate 是一种啮齿动物和人类胰岛中 β 细胞代谢的葡萄糖样激活剂，也是一种 Ca2+依赖性胰岛素分泌调节剂。GKA50 quarterhydrate 能够刺激小鼠胰岛分泌胰岛素，可以显著降低高脂喂养的雌性大鼠血糖。

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide, porcine 为葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素促进多肽，包含42个氨基酸构成的肠道激素，对脂肪及葡萄糖代谢产生影响。

ZTA-261作为一种高选择性且低毒性的甲状腺激素受体 β 亚型 (THR-β) 激动剂(IC50=6.3 nM),通过Liothyronine介导途径有效降低体重和内脏脂肪.此化合物主要用于脂质代谢和肥胖研究领域.