feeding

(+)-Isopulegol 是加拿大薄荷树中发现的一种萜类，是T. confusum 成虫和T. granarium 幼虫的摄食引诱剂，对S. granarius 和T. confusum 的成虫具有刺激作用。

Linoleoyl ethanolamide 是脂肪酸乙醇酰胺。它可弱结合 CB1 和 CB2 受体，并分别抑制[3H]CP-55,940的结合，Ki 分别为 10 和 25μM。它在引起小鼠过氧化氢酶方面的效力是 anandamide 的4倍，且对睡眠时间无延长效果。

Lanolin (wool wax) 是一种从绵羊毛获得的黄色脂肪。它能够在母乳喂养期间疼痛，破裂的乳头局部应用。

Flonicamid (N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinamide) 是一种吡啶甲酰胺杀虫剂，在食用日本萝卜叶的过程中抑制蚜虫(M.persicae)的唾液分泌和汁液摄入。它对棉蚜、红蚜、巴迪蚜、禾谷蚜和大鼠产生毒性。

Pymetrozine (CGA 215944)是一种针对Homoptera的喂养抑制剂，能有效防止通过蚜虫Myzus persicae传播cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus。

(E)-β-Farnesene (trans-β-Farnesene) 是一种存在于 Phlomis aurea Decne中的倍半萜烃，是许多蚜虫报警信息素的主要成分，可中断蚜虫摄食。(E)-β-Farnesene 通过破坏昆虫激素平衡来损害 Chilo suppressalis 幼虫的发育和存活。

BIBO3304 is a selective NPY Y1 receptor antagonist (IC50 values are 0.38 and 0.72 nM at human and rat receptors respectively). BIBO3304 inhibits NPY- and fasting-induced feeding in vivo following central administration.

Alphitonin is a flavonoid that has been found in L. leptolepis wood.1 It is also a metabolic intermediate that is formed during the catabolism of quercetin by the human gut bacteria E. ramulus.2,3 |1. Chen, K., Ohmura, W., Doi, S., et al. Termite feeding deterrent from Japanese larch wood. Bioresour. Technol. 95(2), 129-134 (2004).|2. Braune, A., Gütschow, M., Engst, W., et al. Degradation of quercetin and luteolin by Eubacterium ramulus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(12), 5558-55567 (2001).|3. Jaganath, I.B., Mullen, W., Lean, M.E.J., et al. In vitro catabolism of rutin by human fecal bacteria and the antioxidant capacity of its catabolites. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47(8), 1180-1189 (2009).

Sulfoxaflor (GF 2032) 是 nAChR1 和 nAChR2 亚型的激动剂，是一种作用于昆虫中枢神经系统的内吸性杀虫剂。 Sulfoxaflor 被发现对外周血淋巴细胞有一定的影响，可用于防治吸食汁液的昆虫，如褐飞虱、烟粉虱、桃蚜和棉蚜。

S-WJM992 (compound 10ahb) 作为一种抗寄生虫试剂，在高[Na+]环境下有效抑制ATPase活性。该化合物对抗PfATP4抑制剂耐药的寄生虫也表现出显著的抑制效果。此外，S-WJM992作为潜在的传播阻断剂，能够有效阻止配子的发育，从而阻断寄生虫通过吸血途径传给蚊子。

Antifeedant agent 1，作为一种carboxylesterase抑制剂，通过抑制昆虫取食来实现杀虫效果，具有0.038 mg mL的EC50值。该化合物主要应用于病虫害防治研究领域。

SDH-IN-23 (Compound B21) 是一种SDH抑制剂，表现出卓越的杀线虫活性。该化合物通过抑制线虫的摄食、繁殖和胚胎发育，并通过引发氧化应激、造成肠道损伤和抑制SDH等途径，对线虫具有致命效果。

Zilpaterol hydrochloride is a agonist of β-adrenergic receptor (AR). It is used to increase the feeding efficiency and the size of cattle.

SDH-IN-24 (Compound 51) 是一种琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH) 抑制剂，对松材线虫 (B. xylophilus) 第二阶段幼虫的LC50为6.9 mg/L，对SDH的IC50为15.0 μM。SDH-IN-24 通过抑制SDH活性影响线虫的能量代谢，并抑制其运动、取食和繁殖，诱导氧化应激，降低蛋白质含量及抗氧化能力，发挥杀线虫活性。该化合物可用于抗线虫相关领域的研究。

LH-21 是一种有效的体内中性大麻素 CB1受体拮抗剂。LH-21 会导致剂量依赖性进食抑制，减少肥胖 Zucker 大鼠的食物摄入和体重增加。

Proxyfan(Proxifan)是一种高亲和力的组胺H3受体的protean拮抗剂/激动剂，具有从完全激动剂到完全逆激动剂的全谱药理活性，取决于给定组织或脑区域内组成活性和静止H3受体之间的竞争。Proxyfan在喂食相关的下丘脑腹内侧核中作为中性拮抗剂，在大鼠基底外侧杏仁核（BLA）中作为激动剂。

AC-24,055 is a synthetic insect feeding repellent.

BMS-814580 is a potent and selective functional antagonist (Kb = 117 nM) of human MCHR1. BMS-814580 exhibits potent binding affinity (Ki = 17 nM) for human MCHR1. BMS-814580 also exhibits potent binding affinities for cynomolgus monkey and rat MCHR1 (Ki o

AM-3102 is an OEA analog that stimulates PPARα transcriptional activity and prolongs feeding latency. It is resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and is as potent as OEA in enhancing transcriptional activity of PPARα and reducing food intake in free-feeding r

J-115814 is a potent feeding stimulant.

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide first demonstrated to drive smooth muscle contraction.1Translated as a 174 amino acid propeptide, NMU is cleaved to different lengths in different animals. It has diverse receptor-mediated rolesin vivo, as it regulates feeding, vasoconstriction, nociception, and bone remodeling and contributes to obesity, cancer and septic shock.2,2NMU-25 is the active form of NMU in humans. It binds with high affinity to receptors on human left ventricle and coronary artery (KDs = 0.26 and 0.11 nM, respectively), eliciting endothelium-independent vasoconstriction.3NMU-25 also suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets, and this effect is lost in NMU R165W mutants, resulting in early-onset obesity.4 1.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., and Davenport, A.P.Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin SBritish Journal of Pharmacology15887-103(2009) 2.Greenwood, H.C., Bloom, S.R., and Murphy, K.G.Peptides and their potential role in the treatment of diabetes and obesityRev.Diabet.Stud.8(3)355-368(2011) 3.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., Kuc, R.E., et al.Expression and vasoconstrictor function of anorexigenic peptides neuromedin U-25 and S in the human cardiovascular systemCardiovascular Research81353-361(2009) 4.Alfa, R.W., Park, S., Skelly, K.R., et al.Suppression of insulin production and secretion by a decretin hormoneCell Metabolism21(2)323-333(2015)

Jacaric acid is a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid first isolated from seeds of Jacaranda plants. Structurally, it is an 18-carbon ω-6 triene isomer of γ-linolenic acid . Jacaric acid induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines (GI50 = 1-5 μM). It increases the production of reactive oxygen species, and cytotoxicity is abolished by the antioxidant α-tocopherol, suggesting that apoptosis results from oxidative stress. Jacaric acid is metabolized in vivo to conjugated linoleic acid , which is also cytotoxic to cancer cells. Jacaric acid inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 in vitro (Ki = 1.7 μM) and, with long term feeding, decreases stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression and activity in mice.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to either a C-16 or C-18 hydroxy substituent. 12-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified at the 12th carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. 12-PAHSA is present at 2- to 3-fold higher levels in adipose tissue of AG4OX mice compared to wild type mice. Levels of 12-PAHSA are also higher in fasted wild-type mice compared to fed mice and are reduced upon high-fat diet-induced obesity in insulin-resistant mice.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to a hydroxylated C-16 or C-18 lipid. 9-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified to 9-hydroxy stearic acid. PAHSAs are the most abundant forms of FAHFA in serum as well as white and brown adipose tissues of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress Glut4 specifically in adipose tissue. 9-PAHSA is the predominant isomer of PAHSA in wild type and AG4OX mice. It is found in humans and is reduced in the serum and adipose tissues of insulin-resistant humans. 9-PAHSA improves glucose tolerance, stimulates insulin secretion, and has anti-inflammatory effects in mice.