bilirubin

Bilirubin (Principal bile pigment) 是胆色素的一种，是血液中血红素的代谢产物。Bilirubin 具有抗诱变和抗氧化作用。Bilirubin 是临床上判定黄疸的重要依据，也是肝功能的重要指标。

Bilirubin conjugate is a stable, water-soluble ditaurate derivative of bilirubin meant to mimic endogenous bilirubin glucuronide derivatives. In vivo, bilirubin circulates in the plasma and is taken up by hepatocytes and conjugated to one or two glucuronic acids in a reaction catalyzed by UDP glucuronidase to form bilirubin mono or diglucuronide. This water-soluble form is then excreted from the liver in bile in the feces or is converted to urobilinogen and excreted in the urine. In addition to aiding in the disposal of heme, bilirubin and its conjugated derivatives have been shown to exhibit anti-oxidant and antimutagenic effects and to play a role in gut barrier function.

Bilirubin oxidase (BOD) 为一多铜氧化酶，能催化胆红素氧化为胆绿素，同时将分子氧还原成水。该酶在卟啉及叶绿素代谢中起作用，并作为氧还原催化剂在生化研究中广泛应用。

Bilirubin diglucuronide 是 Bilirubin 的代谢物。Bilirubin diglucuronide 可抑制 MRP1 2 介导的 ATP 依赖性白三烯 C4 (LTC4) 在膜囊泡中的转运。

Lumirubin is a water-soluble photoproduct of bilirubin formed in vivo during phototherapy.

Biliverdin hydrochloride 是一种由血红素氧化形成的四吡咯水溶性化合物，具有潜在的抗氧化活性，参与胆绿素-胆红素氧化还原系统。

Nitisinone-13C6is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of nitisinone by GC- or LC-MS. Nitisinone is an inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which converts 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPPA) to homogentisate in the tyrosine catabolic pathway.1Nitisinone increases urinary levels of HPPA and 4-hydroxyphenyllactate (HPLA) in rats when administered at a dose of 10 mg kg. Nitisinone (3 mg kg) prevents the neonatal lethality of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency in mice when administered to pregnant dams.2It exhibits hepatoprotective effects inFAH- -mice, such as prevention of increases in plasma levels of aspartate serine aminotransferase (AST) and conjugated bilirubin, when administration is continued following birth at a dose of 1 mg kg. Nitisinone (100 μg) decreases urinary excretion of homogentisate and increases urinary excretion of HPPA, HPLA, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate in a mouse model of alkaptonuria induced by ethylnitrosourea.3Formulations containing nitisinone have been used in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1). 1.Ellis, M.K., Whitfield, A.C., Gowans, L.A., et al.Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase by 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-dione and 2-(2-chloro-4-methanesulfonylbenzoyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-dioneToxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.133(1)12-19(1995) 2.Grompe, M., Lindstedt, S., al-Dhalimy, M., et al.Pharmacological correction of neonatal lethal hepatic dysfunction in a murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type INat. Genet.10(4)453-460(1995) 3.Suzuki, Y., Oda, K., Yoshikawa, Y., et al.A novel therapeutic trial of homogentisic aciduria in a murine model of alkaptonuriaJ. Hum. Genet.44(2)79-84(1999)

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a neuropeptide that stimulates gastrin release. It binds to (Ki = 300 nM) and stimulates amylase secretion in rat pancreatic AR42J cells (EC50 = 0.3 nM). GRP increases proliferation of human liver carcinoma HepG2 and MHCC97H cells but does not affect the proliferation of normal HL-7702 liver cells at a concentration of 1 nM. In vivo, GRP (0.35 nmol/kg/h) increases both pancreatic exocrine secretion and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release in rats. It dose-dependently stimulates gastrin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, bilirubin, and acid output and induces gallbladder contraction in humans when administered at doses ranging from 1 to 27 pmol/kg per hour.

Phycocyanobilin （PCB） 是一种线性开链四吡咯发色团，是一种胆红素类似物，具有抗炎抗氧化活性，可用于研究阿尔茨海默病等神经系统疾病。

胆绿素是通过胆红素氧化得到的化合物，可经由谷氨酸棒杆菌的非原卟啉途径进行合成。

6-Hydroxy Etodolac, a metabolite of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and COX inhibitor etodolac, causes false positives in diazo diagnostic tests for urinary bilirubin.

UGT1A1-IN-1 (化合物2) 为一种非竞争性UGT1A1抑制剂，具有5.02 μM的Ki值，有效阻断UGT1A1介导的1-O-葡糖苷酸化反应。此化合物能与UGT1A1在胆红素相同的配体结合位点上相结合。此外，UGT1A1-IN-1还可用作UGT1A1活性“开启”的荧光探针底物。

i-Urobilinogen 是胆红素还原的代谢产物，可以从人粪便中提取。i-Urobilinogen 具有清除DPPH自由基的能力。

Biliverdin dihydrochloride 是由血红素代谢生成的四吡咯色素。通过血红素氧化酶作用，血红素被分解成 Biliverdin、一氧化碳和铁。随后，在胆绿素还原酶的作用下，Biliverdin 快速转变为胆红素。Biliverdin dihydrochloride 具有抗诱变、抗氧化、抗炎及免疫抑制的特性。