toxin c

Aspergillomarasmine A is a polyamine acid naturally produced by the mold Aspergillus Versicolor.

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

Pumiliotoxins (PTXs), are one of several toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs. There are three different types of this toxin: A, B and C, of which toxins A and B are more toxic than C. Pumiliotoxins interfere with muscle contraction by affecting

Detoxin C1 is a selective blasticidin S antagonist.

Apratoxin C is a cyanobacterial cyclodepsipeptide as a potent cytotoxin.

Lemmatoxin C is a bioactive chemical.

Ochratoxin C is a toxic metabolite from Aspergillus orchraceus.

ω-Conotoxin CVIF作为选择性Cav2.2通道抑制剂，对大鼠离体DRG神经元中Cav2.2通道的IC50为34.3 nM，其阻断作用表现为弱可逆。

ω-Conotoxin CVIE为电压门控钙离子通道(Cav2.2)的选择性抑制剂。

ω-Conotoxin CVIB为非选择性N型及P Q型电压门控钙通道(VGCC)拮抗剂，能够抑制背根神经节(DRG)中神经元去极化后激活全细胞VGCC电流，其pIC50值为7.64。

ω-Conotoxin CVIA 为含27个氨基酸的神经肽毒素，作用为阻断电压敏感的钙通道（voltage sensitive calcium channels）。

ω-Conotoxin CnVIIA为含27个氨基酸的神经肽类毒素，具有N型钙电流阻滞活性。

Tau conotoxin CnVA 属于 Conus consors 蝮蛇毒液中的 T1 蝮蛇肽超家族小肽。该毒素对生长抑素sst3受体具有高度的选择性相互作用 (Ki=1.5 µM)，是唯一已知与该 G 蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR) 亚家族进行作用的毒素。Tau conotoxin CnVA 对于研究与sst3受体相关的疾病，如胰腺癌或垂体腺瘤，具有重要应用价值。

µ-Conotoxin-CnIIIC acetate 是一种高效的 NaV1.4 钠通道拮抗剂，是由22个氨基酸组成的芋螺肽，可用于肌肉松弛和缓解疼痛。

μ-Conotoxin-CnIIIC为具有22个氨基酸残基的芋螺肽，源自(Conus consors)。它作为NaV1.4通道的阻断剂，展现出强效及长效性质。μ-Conotoxin-CnIIIC还表现出镇痛、麻醉和肌肉松弛的生物学功能。

Cn2 toxin为一β类毒素，具有与电压门控钠通道（Nav）的电压感应域结合的能力。

Cd1a是从非洲蜘蛛Ceratogyrus darlingi中提取的β-毒素，具有调节钙离子通道的功能。它能够抑制人类的钙离子通道(Cav2.2)(IC50 2.6 μM)以及小鼠的钠离子通道(Nav1.7)，有望用于开发治疗外周疼痛的药物。

Cytochalasin C is a cell-permeable fungal toxin that can induce the formation of nuclear sticks. Cytochalasin C is 10 times less toxic than cytochalasin D in mice.

C-lock-G5-DUO-5.3 是一种 Drug-linker，DUO-5.3 是一种新型的毒素分子，可于合成 ADC 化合物。

C-lock-G5-DUO-5 是一种 Drug-linker，DUO-5 是一种微管抑制剂、新型的毒素分子，具有抗癌活性，与 C-lock-G5 采用稳定共价不可逆连接方式,重新引入共价键联接，更好的稳定性,改进的 PK 特性。

N-Ac-Cys-C-lock-G5-DUO-5 是 ADC 的一部分，DUO-5 是一种微管抑制剂、新型的毒素分子，具有抗癌活性。

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

Emestrin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from E. striata that has antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities.1,2,3,4,5 It is active against the fungi C. albicans and C. neoformans, as well as the bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg ml, respectively).2 Emestrin is a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes).3 Emestrin (0.1 μg ml) induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells.4 It induces heart, thymus, and liver tissue necrosis in mice when administered at doses ranging from 18 to 30 mg kg.5 |1. Seya, H., Nakajima, S., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Structure and absolute configuration of emestrin, a new macrocyclic epidithiodioxopiperazine from Emericella striata. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 10, 657-658 (1985).|2. Herath, H.M.T.B., Jacob, M., Wilson, A.D., et al. New secondary metabolites from bioactive extracts of the fungus Armillaria tabescens. Nat. Prod. Res. 27(17), 1562-1568 (2013).|3. Herath, K.B., Jayasuriya, H., Ondeyka, J.G., et al. Isolation and structures of novel fungal metabolites as chemokine receptor (CCR2) antagonists. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 58(11), 686-694 (2005).|4. Ueno, Y., Umemori, K., Niimi, E.-c., et al. Induction of apoptosis by T-2 toxin and other natural toxins in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells. Nat. Toxins 3(3), 129-137 (1995).|5. Terao, K., Ito, E., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Experimental acute poisoning in mice induced by emestrin, a new mycotoxin isolated from Emericella species. Mycopathologia 112(2), 71-79 (1990).

HC Toxin is a cell-permeable, reversible inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) (IC50 = 30 nM). Through its effects on HDACs, HC toxin has been shown to up-regulate the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in colorectal cancer cells and induce fetal hemoglobin in human primary erythroid cells. HC Toxin is a cyclic tetrapeptide first isolated from H. carbonum (now C. carbonum), a pathogen of maize.