oxidation–reduction

Dihydrolipoic acid (USAF XR-12) 是高效的抗氧化剂，对所有以氧为中心的自由基都有很强的清除能力。它在多种疾病中表现出抗炎特性。在 LPS 诱导的疾病行为大鼠中，它通过 ERK Nrf2 HO-1 ROS NLRP3 通路发挥预防作用。它还可以可用于抑郁症的研究。

Gemfibrozil (CI-719) 是一种PPAR-α激活剂，可作为降脂药。它也是P450非选择性抑制剂，对 CYP2C9、2C19、2C8 和 1A2 的Ki 值分别为 5.8、24、69 和 82 μM。

2,2′-Dipyridyl disulfide (Aldrithiol 2) 是肽化学中的常用试剂，是测定巯基的有用试剂，常用于氧化还原缩合以形成肽键或用于偶联反应以形成二硫键连接的异二聚体。

(S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) 是天然存在的二羧酸，是水果酸甜味的来源，常用作食品添加剂。

NADP sodium salt (Sodium NADP) 是一种烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸，是一种氧化还原辅助因子。它是代谢中电子转移的关键辅因子，能够被交替氧化 (NADP+) 和还原 (NADPH)。

Ubiquinone-1 (UQ-1) 是辅酶 Q 合成的中间体，是人体氧化还原反应中重要的辅酶，参与机体的多种氧化还原反应。

VARACIN是一种低分子量的抗癌化合物，在存在硫醇时可高效促进DNA断裂。其通过复杂的氧化还原反应在细胞内增强治疗效能。

Trimetazidine, an anti-ischemic (anti-anginal) metabolic agent, could improve myocardial glucose utilization through inhibition of long-chain 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase activity and results in a reduction in fatty acid oxidation and a stimulation of glucose

Riboflavin 5'-monophosphate (FMN) is a coenzyme that is tightly bound to enzymes catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions in a variety of biosynthetic pathways. FMN also binds the FMN riboswitch (RFN element) on RNA to alter gene regulation. FMN is a substrate of FMN phosphohydrolases and is used to study their function.

Latanoprost is an F-series prostaglandin (PG) analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Oxidation of the C-15 hydroxyl group without isopropyl ester hydrolysis produces 15-keto latanoprost. 15-keto Latanoprost is a potential metabolite of latanoprost when administered to animals. 15-keto Latanoprost is also one of the common minor impurities found in commercial preparations of the bulk drug compound. Although much less potent that the parent compound latanoprost, 15-keto latanoprost still retains the ability to produce a small but measurable decrease (1 mm Hg) in the intraocular pressure of normal cynomolgus monkeys when administered at a dose of 1 μg/eye. 15-keto Latanoprost is also a miotic in the normal cat eye, causing an 8 mm reduction in pupillary diameter at 5 μg/eye. Again, this is not as potent as many other F-type PGs; for example, PGF2α will produce this degree of miosis at a dose of less than 1 μg/eye. Products of β-oxidation account for most of the metabolites of latanoprost recovered in plasma and urine. However, 15-keto latanoprost is a minor metabolite, and one which could be enhanced in situations where β-oxidation is reduced.

Bimatoprost is an F-series prostaglandin (PG) analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Oxidation of the C-15 hydroxyl group and amide hydrolysis of Bimatoprost produces 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α. 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α is a potential metabolite of bimatoprost when administered to animals. 15-keto PG analogs are potential minor impurities in commercial preparations of their corresponding bulk drug compounds. Although much less potent that the parent compound, 15-keto PGs still retain the ability to produce a small but measurable decrease (1 mm Hg) in the intraocular pressure of normal cynomolgus monkeys when administered at a dose of 1 μg eye. 15-keto Latanoprost (15-keto-17-phenyl-13,14-dihydro trinor PGF2α isopropyl ester) is a miotic in the normal cat eye, causing an 8 mm reduction in pupillary diameter at 5 μg eye. Again, this is not as potent as many other F-type PGs; for example, PGF2α will produce this degree of miosis at a dose of less than 1 μg eye.

CE3F4 analog 1 is an analogue of CE3F4.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium salt (FAD sodium salt) 是一种辅酶，作用是促进细胞氧化还原反应中黄素酶的电子转移。

GDP-β-L-fucose is a metabolite in plant and animal. It used for microbe agglutination assay and agglutination inhibition assay. GDP-β-L-fucose is formed by the oxidation-reduction and epimerization of GDP-R-D-mannose in most organisms.

Piperazine (2HCl) is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists and its major effects appear to be on the central nervous system. Piperazine was the anthelmintic with the greatest number of reports of toxicoses and suspected toxicoses in cats. Piperazine neurotoxicity in cats and dogs usually was manifested by muscle tremors, ataxia, and or behavioral disturbances within 24 hours after estimated daily dose(s) between 20 and 110 mg kg[1]. For di-substituted derivatives, ciprofloxacin was selected and hybrids were synthesized via substitution at piperazinyl-N4. The reaction of piperazinyl-NH of ciprofloxacin with selected drugs resulted in pronounced growth inhibition of standard as well as resistant bacterial strains[2]. The parent piperazine 6 was found to exhibit a reasonable activity toward the HeLa and MDA MB 231 tumor cell lines (IC50= 9.2 and 8.4 μΜ, respectively)[3]. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) causes mortality of A. galli and H. gallinae after a maximum of 30 min exposure, inhibits malate oxidation by 78%, and inhibits aldolase activity in both parasites. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) also inhibits cholinesterase activity by 96% in Ascaridia galli (A. galli) and 93% in Heterakis gallinae (H. gallinae). Piperazine adipate inhibits oxaloacetate reduction by 26% and 55% in A. galli and H. gallinae, resepctively[4].

Malate dehydrogenase 催化草酰乙酸盐和苹果酸盐的相互转化，与二核苷酸辅酶的氧化 还原相关。

Sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate是一种氧化还原滴定指示剂，在还原形式下呈无色，氧化形式下为红紫色。

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 是一种用于非水锂空气电池的电解质溶剂。它能够在无需催化剂的条件下，促进多孔碳电极上的可逆还原和氧化过程。

Tetraoctylammonium iodide 是季铵盐类的有机化合物，常用于相转移催化剂，以促进水相与有机相等两个不混溶相之间的反应。在有机合成中，Tetraoctylammonium iodide 广泛应用于亲核取代、氧化和还原反应中，此外也被用作工业和实验室环境中的表面活性剂和乳化剂。

(2E)-Pent-2-enoic acid 是一种不饱和羧酸，又称为 2-戊烯酸或巴豆酸。“2E”代表其分子中的反式双键构型，意味着该双键的两侧碳原子位于相对位置。该化合物具有刺激性气味，并能溶于水和大多数有机溶剂。它广泛应用于有机合成，作为酯化、氧化和还原等化学反应的起始原料。此外，其在食品工业中作为潜在调味剂的用途也正在被研究。

5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine cobalt(II)，也称为 CoTPP 或钴卟啉，是一种配位化合物。该化合物因其独特的电子和光学特性在催化、传感、有机电子等领域中有广泛应用。它是氧化、还原以及 CH 键活化等多种化学反应的高效催化剂。此外，它还被用作检测生物系统中氧含量的荧光探针及有机太阳能电池中的活性材料。

(E)-Pent-3-enoic acid 是一种不饱和羧酸，用作多种化学反应的起始原料，包括酯化、氧化和还原。它在食品工业中具有作为调味剂的潜在应用。

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrin (TTP) 是一种有机化合物，属于卟啉类，由四个吡咯环连接构成的环状分子。TTP 是合成卟啉，常用作染料敏化太阳能电池中的敏化剂，以及有机反应中的催化剂。由于其独特的结构，TTP 拥有特定波长下的吸光能力，并具有作为化学反应催化剂的潜力。在染料敏化太阳能电池中，TTP 通过吸收光子并将电子转移到器件半导体层来协助光能转化为电能。在有机化学中，TTP 常用于催化氧化和还原反应，能够选择性结合特定底物，是合成复杂分子和研究其性质的重要工具。

(meso-Tetraphenylporphinato)platinum 是一种隶属于金属卟啉类的有机化合物，常用作多种有机化学反应的催化剂，尤其在氧化和还原反应中发挥作用。Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin Pt(II) 在合成有机化学中有广泛应用，尤其在药物、农用化学品和特种化学品的生产领域。此外，它可能用作检测生物分子的传感器，并在癌症的光动力疗法中展现潜在应用。