t-2 toxin

T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) 是饲料和谷物中的各种镰刀菌种产生的真菌次生代谢产物，具有很强的生殖毒性，可诱发多种心血管毒性。T-2 Toxin 是一种抑制肽基转移酶 (60s ribosomal 亚基) 结合和蛋白质合成的抑制剂，通过ROS诱导的细胞凋亡诱导TM4细胞功能障碍，抑制 DNA 和 RNA 的合成，增加肝脏脂质过氧化物的水平。

HT-2 Toxin, a deacetylated metabolite of T-2 toxin, impairs protein synthesis and hinders cell proliferation in plants.

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

NT 2 Toxin 是一种有用的有机化合物，可用于生命科学领域的相关研究。其产品编号为 T124258，CAS号为 76348-84-0。

Morin monohydrate (oxylon pomiferum monohydrate)是一种从桑树植物中提取的黄酮类化合物，具有抗癌、抗氧化和抗炎活性，可降低 T-2 毒素诱导的 TNF-α、COX-2、IL-1β、IL-6、caspase-1、caspase-3 和 caspase-11 mRNA 的表达，通过减少丙二醛 （MDA）、增加超氧化物歧化酶 （SOD）、过氧化氢酶 （CAT）、谷胱甘肽 （GSH） 和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 （GSH-PX） 来改善 T-2 毒素诱导的损伤。

T- 2 Tetraol is a T-2 toxin metabolite, and also a trichothecene mycotoxin, with less toxicity and is unable to induce apoptosis.

Trypacidin is a fungal metabolite originally isolated fromA. fumigatus.1It is active againstB. subtilisandM. bovis(MICs = 12.5 and 1.25 μg/ml, respectively), as well asT. cruziandT. gondii(MICs = 5-10 and 10-20 μg/ml, respectively).1,2It reduces viability and induces lysis of A549 human lung cancer cells (IC50s = 7.4 μM for both).3Trypacidin increases survival in a mouse model ofT. gondiiinfection when administered in six doses of 12.5 mg/kg each.1 1.Balan, J., Ebringer, L., Nemec, P., et al.Antiprotozoal antibiotics. II. Isolation and characterization of trypacidin, a new antibiotic, active against Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondiiJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)16157-160(1963) 2.Song, Z., Liu, Y., Gao, J., et al.Antitubercular metabolites from the marine-derived fungus strain Aspergillus fumigatus MF029Nat. Prod. Res.1-8(2019) 3.Gauthier, T., Wang, X., Dos Santos, J.S., et al.Trypacidin, a spore-borne toxin from Aspergillus fumigatus, is cytotoxic to lung cellsPLoS One7(2)e29906(2012)

Emestrin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from E. striata that has antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities.1,2,3,4,5 It is active against the fungi C. albicans and C. neoformans, as well as the bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg ml, respectively).2 Emestrin is a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes).3 Emestrin (0.1 μg ml) induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells.4 It induces heart, thymus, and liver tissue necrosis in mice when administered at doses ranging from 18 to 30 mg kg.5 |1. Seya, H., Nakajima, S., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Structure and absolute configuration of emestrin, a new macrocyclic epidithiodioxopiperazine from Emericella striata. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 10, 657-658 (1985).|2. Herath, H.M.T.B., Jacob, M., Wilson, A.D., et al. New secondary metabolites from bioactive extracts of the fungus Armillaria tabescens. Nat. Prod. Res. 27(17), 1562-1568 (2013).|3. Herath, K.B., Jayasuriya, H., Ondeyka, J.G., et al. Isolation and structures of novel fungal metabolites as chemokine receptor (CCR2) antagonists. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 58(11), 686-694 (2005).|4. Ueno, Y., Umemori, K., Niimi, E.-c., et al. Induction of apoptosis by T-2 toxin and other natural toxins in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells. Nat. Toxins 3(3), 129-137 (1995).|5. Terao, K., Ito, E., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Experimental acute poisoning in mice induced by emestrin, a new mycotoxin isolated from Emericella species. Mycopathologia 112(2), 71-79 (1990).

ShK toxin 是从加勒比海葵（Stichodactylu helianthus）的全身提取物中分离出的一种蛋白，能够阻断电压依赖性钾通道(Kv1.3 通道)。在竞争实验中，ShK toxin 与树突毒素 I 及α-树突毒素相互竞争，以与大鼠脑突触体膜结合，从而促进乙酰胆碱的释放。此外，ShK toxin 抑制培养的大鼠背根神经节神经元中的K+ 电流，并且能够抑制T淋巴细胞的增殖。

KTX-Sp2为钾通道毒素，能高效阻断三种外源电压门控钾通道Kv1.1、Kv1.2和Kv1.3。该化合物还能抑制内源性Kv1.3通道，降低Jurkat T细胞内Ca2+信号并抑制其活化后的IL-2分泌。

Ssm Spooky Toxin是从Scolopendra mutilans中分离出的化合物，其特点是有效抑制KCNQ（电压门控钾通道家族7）通道，表现出对血液和呼吸系统的致命毒性。Ssm Spooky Toxin对Kv7.4、Kv1.3和Shal通道的IC50值分别为2.8 μM、5.26 μM和0.1-0.3 M，且能够通过针对T细胞中的KV1.3通道抑制细胞因子的产生，在蜈蚣的循环系统中起着关键作用。